Mulai menggunakan Spanner di ADO.NET

Tujuan

Tutorial ini akan memandu Anda melalui langkah-langkah berikut menggunakan driver ADO.NET Spanner:

• Buat instance dan database Spanner.
• Menulis, membaca, dan menjalankan kueri SQL pada data di database.
• Perbarui skema database.
• Perbarui data menggunakan transaksi baca-tulis.
• Tambahkan indeks sekunder ke database.
• Gunakan indeks untuk membaca dan menjalankan kueri SQL pada data.
• Mengambil data menggunakan transaksi hanya baca.

Biaya

Tutorial ini menggunakan Spanner, yang merupakan komponenGoogle Cloudyang dapat ditagih. Untuk mengetahui informasi tentang biaya penggunaan Spanner, lihat Harga.

Sebelum memulai

Selesaikan langkah-langkah yang dijelaskan dalam Menyiapkan, yang mencakup pembuatan dan penetapan project default Google Cloud , pengaktifan penagihan, pengaktifan Cloud Spanner API, dan penyiapan OAuth 2.0 untuk mendapatkan kredensial autentikasi guna menggunakan Cloud Spanner API.

Secara khusus, pastikan Anda menjalankan gcloud auth application-default login untuk menyiapkan lingkungan pengembangan lokal dengan kredensial autentikasi.

Catatan: Jika Anda tidak berencana untuk menyimpan resource yang Anda buat dalam tutorial ini, sebaiknya buat Google Cloud project baru, bukan memilih project yang sudah ada. Setelah menyelesaikan tutorial, Anda dapat menghapus project, sehingga semua resource yang terkait dengan project tersebut akan dihapus.

Menyiapkan lingkungan ADO.NET lokal Anda

1. Download dan instal .NET di mesin pengembangan Anda jika belum diinstal.

2. Clone repositori contoh ke komputer lokal Anda:

   git clone https://github.com/googleapis/dotnet-spanner-entity-framework.git
   

3. Beralihlah ke direktori yang berisi kode contoh driver ADO.NET Spanner:

   cd dotnet-spanner-entity-framework/spanner-ado-net/spanner-ado-net-getting-started-guide
   

Membuat instance

Saat pertama kali menggunakan Spanner, Anda harus membuat instance, yang merupakan alokasi resource yang digunakan oleh database Spanner. Saat membuat instance, Anda memilih konfigurasi instance, yang menentukan tempat penyimpanan data Anda, dan juga jumlah node yang akan digunakan, yang menentukan jumlah resource penayangan dan penyimpanan di instance Anda.

Lihat Membuat instance untuk mempelajari cara membuat instance Spanner menggunakan salah satu metode berikut. Anda dapat memberi nama instance test-instance untuk menggunakannya dengan topik lain dalam dokumen ini yang mereferensikan instance bernama test-instance.

• Google Cloud CLI
• Konsol Google Cloud
• Library klien (C++, C#, Go, Java, Node.js, PHP, Python, atau Ruby)

Melihat-lihat file contoh

Repositori contoh berisi contoh yang menunjukkan cara menggunakan Spanner dengan ADO.NET.

Lihat file SampleRunner.cs, yang menunjukkan cara menggunakan Spanner. Kode ini menunjukkan cara membuat dan menggunakan database baru. Data menggunakan contoh skema yang ditampilkan di halaman Skema dan model data.

Buat database

GoogleSQL

gcloud spanner databases create example-db --instance=test-instance

PostgreSQL

gcloud spanner databases create example-db --instance=test-instance \
  --database-dialect=POSTGRESQL

Anda akan melihat:

Creating database...done.

Buat tabel

Kode berikut membuat dua tabel dalam database.

Catatan: Contoh kode berikutnya menggunakan dua tabel ini. Jika Anda tidak menjalankan kode ini, buat tabel menggunakan konsol Google Cloud atau gcloud CLI. Untuk mengetahui informasi selengkapnya, lihat contoh skema.

GoogleSQL

public static async Task CreateTables(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    // Create two tables in one batch on Spanner.
    var batch = connection.CreateBatch();
    batch.BatchCommands.Add("CREATE TABLE Singers (" +
                            "  SingerId   INT64 NOT NULL, " +
                            "  FirstName  STRING(1024), " +
                            "  LastName   STRING(1024), " +
                            "  SingerInfo BYTES(MAX) " +
                            ") PRIMARY KEY (SingerId)");
    batch.BatchCommands.Add("CREATE TABLE Albums ( " +
                            "  SingerId     INT64 NOT NULL, " +
                            "  AlbumId      INT64 NOT NULL, " +
                            "  AlbumTitle   STRING(MAX)" +
                            ") PRIMARY KEY (SingerId, AlbumId), " +
                            "INTERLEAVE IN PARENT Singers ON DELETE CASCADE");
    await batch.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
    Console.WriteLine("Created Singers & Albums tables");
}

PostgreSQL

public static async Task CreateTables(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    // Create two tables in one batch on Spanner.
    var batch = connection.CreateBatch();
    batch.BatchCommands.Add("create table singers (" +
                            "  singer_id   bigint not null primary key, " +
                            "  first_name  varchar(1024), " +
                            "  last_name   varchar(1024), " +
                            "  singer_info bytea" +
                            ")");
    batch.BatchCommands.Add("create table albums (" +
                            "  singer_id     bigint not null, " +
                            "  album_id      bigint not null, " +
                            "  album_title   varchar, " +
                            "  primary key (singer_id, album_id)" +
                            ") interleave in parent singers on delete cascade");
    await batch.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
    Console.WriteLine("Created Singers & Albums tables");
}

Jalankan sampel dengan perintah berikut:

GoogleSQL

dotnet run createtables projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

PostgreSQL

dotnet run createtablespg projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

Langkah selanjutnya adalah menulis data ke database Anda.

Membuat koneksi

Sebelum dapat melakukan pembacaan atau penulisan, Anda harus membuat koneksi untuk berinteraksi dengan Spanner. Nama database dan properti koneksi lainnya ditentukan dalam string koneksi ADO.NET.

GoogleSQL

/// <summary>
/// Create an ADO.NET connection to a Spanner database.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="connectionString">
/// A connection string in the format
/// 'Data Source=projects/my-project/instances/my-instance/databases/my-database'.
/// </param>
public static async Task CreateConnection(string connectionString)
{
    // Use a SpannerConnectionStringBuilder to construct a connection string.
    // The SpannerConnectionStringBuilder contains properties for the most
    // used connection string variables.
    var builder = new SpannerConnectionStringBuilder(connectionString)
    {
        // Sets the default isolation level that should be used for all
        // read/write transactions on this connection.
        DefaultIsolationLevel = IsolationLevel.RepeatableRead,

        // The Options property can be used to set any connection property
        // as a key-value pair.
        Options = "statement_cache_size=2000"
    };

    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(builder.ConnectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.CommandText = "SELECT 'Hello World' as Message";
    await using var reader = await command.ExecuteReaderAsync();
    while (await reader.ReadAsync())
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"Greeting from Spanner: {reader.GetString(0)}");
    }
}

PostgreSQL

/// <summary>
/// Create an ADO.NET connection to a Spanner PostgreSQL database.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="connectionString">
/// A connection string in the format
/// 'Data Source=projects/my-project/instances/my-instance/databases/my-database'.
/// </param>
public static async Task CreateConnection(string connectionString)
{
    // Use a SpannerConnectionStringBuilder to construct a connection string.
    // The SpannerConnectionStringBuilder contains properties for the most
    // used connection string variables.
    var builder = new SpannerConnectionStringBuilder(connectionString)
    {
        // Sets the default isolation level that should be used for all
        // read/write transactions on this connection.
        DefaultIsolationLevel = IsolationLevel.RepeatableRead,

        // The Options property can be used to set any connection property
        // as a key-value pair.
        Options = "statement_cache_size=2000"
    };

    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(builder.ConnectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.CommandText = "SELECT 'Hello World' as Message";
    await using var reader = await command.ExecuteReaderAsync();
    while (await reader.ReadAsync())
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"Greeting from Spanner: {reader.GetString(0)}");
    }
}

Menulis data dengan DML

Anda dapat menyisipkan data menggunakan Bahasa Pengolahan Data (DML) dalam transaksi baca-tulis.

Anda menggunakan metode DbCommand#ExecuteNonQuery untuk mengeksekusi pernyataan DML.

GoogleSQL

public static async Task WriteDataWithDml(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    // Add 4 rows in one statement.
    // The ADO.NET driver supports positional query parameters.
    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.CommandText = "INSERT INTO Singers (SingerId, FirstName, LastName) " +
                          "VALUES (?, ?, ?), (?, ?, ?), " +
                          "       (?, ?, ?), (?, ?, ?)";
    command.Parameters.Add(12);
    command.Parameters.Add("Melissa");
    command.Parameters.Add("Garcia");

    command.Parameters.Add(13);
    command.Parameters.Add("Russel");
    command.Parameters.Add("Morales");

    command.Parameters.Add(14);
    command.Parameters.Add("Jacqueline");
    command.Parameters.Add("Long");

    command.Parameters.Add(15);
    command.Parameters.Add("Dylan");
    command.Parameters.Add("Shaw");

    var affected = await command.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
    Console.WriteLine($"{affected} record(s) inserted.");
}

PostgreSQL

public static async Task WriteDataWithDml(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    // Add 4 rows in one statement.
    // The ADO.NET driver supports positional query parameters.
    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.CommandText = "insert into singers (singer_id, first_name, last_name) " +
                          "VALUES (?, ?, ?), (?, ?, ?), " +
                          "       (?, ?, ?), (?, ?, ?)";
    command.Parameters.Add(12);
    command.Parameters.Add("Melissa");
    command.Parameters.Add("Garcia");

    command.Parameters.Add(13);
    command.Parameters.Add("Russel");
    command.Parameters.Add("Morales");

    command.Parameters.Add(14);
    command.Parameters.Add("Jacqueline");
    command.Parameters.Add("Long");

    command.Parameters.Add(15);
    command.Parameters.Add("Dylan");
    command.Parameters.Add("Shaw");

    var affected = await command.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
    Console.WriteLine($"{affected} record(s) inserted.");
}

Jalankan sampel dengan perintah berikut:

GoogleSQL

dotnet run dmlwrite projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

PostgreSQL

dotnet run dmlwritepg projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

Hasilnya akan menampilkan:

4 records inserted.

Catatan: Ada batasan untuk ukuran commit. Lihat batas CRUD untuk mengetahui informasi selengkapnya.

Menulis data dengan mutasi

Anda juga dapat menyisipkan data menggunakan mutasi.

Anda dapat menyisipkan data menggunakan metode batch.CreateInsertCommand(), yang membuat SpannerBatchCommand baru untuk menyisipkan baris ke dalam tabel. Metode SpannerBatchCommand.ExecuteNonQueryAsync() menambahkan baris baru ke tabel.

Kode berikut menunjukkan cara menulis data menggunakan mutasi:

GoogleSQL

struct Singer
{
    internal long SingerId;
    internal string FirstName;
    internal string LastName;
}

struct Album
{
    internal long SingerId;
    internal long AlbumId;
    internal string Title;
}

public static async Task WriteDataWithMutations(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    Singer[] singers =
    [
        new() {SingerId=1, FirstName = "Marc", LastName = "Richards"},
        new() {SingerId=2, FirstName = "Catalina", LastName = "Smith"},
        new() {SingerId=3, FirstName = "Alice", LastName = "Trentor"},
        new() {SingerId=4, FirstName = "Lea", LastName = "Martin"},
        new() {SingerId=5, FirstName = "David", LastName = "Lomond"},
    ];
    Album[] albums =
    [
        new() {SingerId = 1, AlbumId = 1, Title = "Total Junk"},
        new() {SingerId = 1, AlbumId = 2, Title = "Go, Go, Go"},
        new() {SingerId = 2, AlbumId = 1, Title = "Green"},
        new() {SingerId = 2, AlbumId = 2, Title = "Forever Hold Your Peace"},
        new() {SingerId = 2, AlbumId = 3, Title = "Terrified"},
    ];
    var batch = connection.CreateBatch();
    foreach (var singer in singers)
    {
        // The name of a parameter must correspond with a column name.
        var command = batch.CreateInsertCommand("Singers");
        command.AddParameter("SingerId", singer.SingerId);
        command.AddParameter("FirstName", singer.FirstName);
        command.AddParameter("LastName", singer.LastName);
        batch.BatchCommands.Add(command);
    }
    foreach (var album in albums)
    {
        // The name of a parameter must correspond with a column name.
        var command = batch.CreateInsertCommand("Albums");
        command.AddParameter("SingerId", album.SingerId);
        command.AddParameter("AlbumId", album.AlbumId);
        command.AddParameter("AlbumTitle", album.Title);
        batch.BatchCommands.Add(command);
    }
    var affected = await batch.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
    Console.WriteLine($"Inserted {affected} rows.");
}

PostgreSQL

struct Singer
{
    internal long SingerId;
    internal string FirstName;
    internal string LastName;
}

struct Album
{
    internal long SingerId;
    internal long AlbumId;
    internal string Title;
}

public static async Task WriteDataWithMutations(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    Singer[] singers =
    [
        new() {SingerId=1, FirstName = "Marc", LastName = "Richards"},
        new() {SingerId=2, FirstName = "Catalina", LastName = "Smith"},
        new() {SingerId=3, FirstName = "Alice", LastName = "Trentor"},
        new() {SingerId=4, FirstName = "Lea", LastName = "Martin"},
        new() {SingerId=5, FirstName = "David", LastName = "Lomond"},
    ];
    Album[] albums =
    [
        new() {SingerId = 1, AlbumId = 1, Title = "Total Junk"},
        new() {SingerId = 1, AlbumId = 2, Title = "Go, Go, Go"},
        new() {SingerId = 2, AlbumId = 1, Title = "Green"},
        new() {SingerId = 2, AlbumId = 2, Title = "Forever Hold Your Peace"},
        new() {SingerId = 2, AlbumId = 3, Title = "Terrified"},
    ];
    var batch = connection.CreateBatch();
    foreach (var singer in singers)
    {
        // The name of a parameter must correspond with a column name.
        var command = batch.CreateInsertCommand("singers");
        command.AddParameter("singer_id", singer.SingerId);
        command.AddParameter("first_name", singer.FirstName);
        command.AddParameter("last_name", singer.LastName);
        batch.BatchCommands.Add(command);
    }
    foreach (var album in albums)
    {
        // The name of a parameter must correspond with a column name.
        var command = batch.CreateInsertCommand("albums");
        command.AddParameter("singer_id", album.SingerId);
        command.AddParameter("album_id", album.AlbumId);
        command.AddParameter("album_title", album.Title);
        batch.BatchCommands.Add(command);
    }
    var affected = await batch.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
    Console.WriteLine($"Inserted {affected} rows.");
}

Jalankan contoh berikut menggunakan argumen write:

GoogleSQL

dotnet run write projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

PostgreSQL

dotnet run writepg projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

Catatan: Ada batasan untuk ukuran commit. Lihat batas CRUD untuk mengetahui informasi selengkapnya.

Membuat kueri data menggunakan SQL

Spanner mendukung antarmuka SQL untuk membaca data, yang dapat Anda akses di command line menggunakan Google Cloud CLI atau secara terprogram menggunakan driver ADO.NET Spanner.

Di command line

Jalankan pernyataan SQL berikut untuk membaca nilai semua kolom dari tabel Albums:

GoogleSQL

gcloud spanner databases execute-sql example-db --instance=test-instance \
    --sql='SELECT SingerId, AlbumId, AlbumTitle FROM Albums'

PostgreSQL

gcloud spanner databases execute-sql example-db --instance=test-instance \
    --sql='SELECT singer_id, album_id, album_title FROM albums'

Catatan: Untuk referensi GoogleSQL, lihat Sintaksis kueri di GoogleSQL dan untuk referensi PostgreSQL, lihat Struktur dan sintaksis leksikal PostgreSQL.

Hasilnya menampilkan:

SingerId AlbumId AlbumTitle
1        1       Total Junk
1        2       Go, Go, Go
2        1       Green
2        2       Forever Hold Your Peace
2        3       Terrified

Menggunakan driver ADO.NET Spanner

Selain menjalankan pernyataan SQL di command line, Anda dapat mengeluarkan pernyataan SQL yang sama secara terprogram menggunakan driver ADO.NET Spanner.

Metode berikut digunakan untuk mengeksekusi kueri SQL:

• Metode ExecuteReader di class DbCommand: gunakan ini untuk menjalankan pernyataan SQL yang menampilkan baris, seperti kueri atau pernyataan DML dengan klausa THEN RETURN.
• Class DbDataReader: gunakan class ini untuk mengakses data yang ditampilkan oleh pernyataan SQL.

Contoh berikut menggunakan metode ExecuteReaderAsync:

GoogleSQL

public static async Task QueryData(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.CommandText = "SELECT SingerId, AlbumId, AlbumTitle " +
                          "FROM Albums " +
                          "ORDER BY SingerId, AlbumId";
    await using var reader = await command.ExecuteReaderAsync();
    while (await reader.ReadAsync())
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"{reader["SingerId"]} {reader["AlbumId"]} {reader["AlbumTitle"]}");
    }
}

PostgreSQL

public static async Task QueryData(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.CommandText = "SELECT singer_id, album_id, album_title " +
                          "FROM albums " +
                          "ORDER BY singer_id, album_id";
    await using var reader = await command.ExecuteReaderAsync();
    while (await reader.ReadAsync())
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"{reader["singer_id"]} {reader["album_id"]} {reader["album_title"]}");
    }
}

Jalankan contoh dengan perintah berikut:

GoogleSQL

dotnet run query projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

PostgreSQL

dotnet run querypg projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

Hasilnya akan menampilkan:

1 1 Total Junk
1 2 Go, Go, Go
2 1 Green
2 2 Forever Hold Your Peace
2 3 Terrified

Membuat kueri menggunakan parameter SQL

Jika aplikasi Anda memiliki kueri yang sering dieksekusi, Anda dapat meningkatkan performa kueri tersebut dengan memparameterisasinya. Kueri parametrik yang dihasilkan dapat di-cache dan digunakan kembali, sehingga mengurangi biaya kompilasi. Untuk mengetahui informasi selengkapnya, lihat Menggunakan parameter kueri untuk mempercepat kueri yang sering dijalankan.

Berikut adalah contoh penggunaan parameter dalam klausa WHERE untuk membuat kueri pada rekaman yang berisi nilai tertentu untuk LastName.

Driver ADO.NET Spanner mendukung parameter kueri posisional dan bernama. ? dalam pernyataan SQL menunjukkan parameter kueri posisional. Tambahkan nilai parameter kueri ke Parameters dari DbCommand. Contoh:

GoogleSQL

public static async Task QueryDataWithParameter(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.CommandText = "SELECT SingerId, FirstName, LastName " +
                          "FROM Singers " +
                          "WHERE LastName = ?";
    command.Parameters.Add("Garcia");
    await using var reader = await command.ExecuteReaderAsync();
    while (await reader.ReadAsync())
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"{reader["SingerId"]} {reader["FirstName"]} {reader["LastName"]}");
    }
}

PostgreSQL

public static async Task QueryDataWithParameter(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.CommandText = "SELECT singer_id, first_name, last_name " +
                          "FROM singers " +
                          "WHERE last_name = ?";
    command.Parameters.Add("Garcia");
    await using var reader = await command.ExecuteReaderAsync();
    while (await reader.ReadAsync())
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"{reader["singer_id"]} {reader["first_name"]} {reader["last_name"]}");
    }
}

Jalankan contoh dengan perintah berikut:

GoogleSQL

dotnet run querywithparameter projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

PostgreSQL

dotnet run querywithparameterpg projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

Hasilnya menampilkan:

12 Melissa Garcia

Memperbarui skema database

Anggaplah Anda perlu menambahkan kolom baru bernama MarketingBudget ke tabel Albums. Menambahkan kolom baru ke tabel yang ada memerlukan pembaruan pada skema database Anda. Spanner mendukung pembaruan skema ke database saat database terus melayani traffic. Pembaruan skema tidak memerlukan penghentian database dan tidak mengunci seluruh tabel atau kolom; Anda dapat terus menulis data ke database selama pembaruan skema. Baca selengkapnya tentang pembaruan skema yang didukung dan performa perubahan skema di Melakukan pembaruan skema.

Menambahkan kolom

Anda dapat menambahkan kolom di command line menggunakan Google Cloud CLI atau secara terprogram menggunakan driver Spanner ADO.NET.

Di command line

Gunakan perintah ALTER TABLE berikut untuk menambahkan kolom baru ke tabel:

GoogleSQL

gcloud spanner databases ddl update example-db --instance=test-instance \
    --ddl='ALTER TABLE Albums ADD COLUMN MarketingBudget INT64'

PostgreSQL

gcloud spanner databases ddl update example-db --instance=test-instance \
    --ddl='alter table albums add column marketing_budget bigint'

Anda akan melihat:

Schema updating...done.

Menggunakan driver ADO.NET Spanner

Gunakan metode ExecuteNonQueryAsync untuk mengubah skema:

GoogleSQL

public static async Task AddColumn(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.CommandText = "ALTER TABLE Albums ADD COLUMN MarketingBudget INT64";
    await command.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();

    Console.WriteLine("Added MarketingBudget column");
}

PostgreSQL

public static async Task AddColumn(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.CommandText = "alter table albums add column marketing_budget bigint";
    await command.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();

    Console.WriteLine("Added marketing_budget column");
}

Jalankan contoh dengan perintah berikut:

GoogleSQL

dotnet run addcolumn projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

PostgreSQL

dotnet run addcolumnpg projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

Hasilnya menampilkan:

Added MarketingBudget column.

Menjalankan batch DDL

Sebaiknya Anda menjalankan beberapa modifikasi skema dalam satu batch. Gunakan metode ADO.NET CreateBatch untuk membuat batch. Contoh berikut membuat dua tabel dalam satu batch:

GoogleSQL

public static async Task DdlBatch(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    // Executing multiple DDL statements as one batch is
    // more efficient than executing each statement individually.
    var batch = connection.CreateBatch();
    batch.BatchCommands.Add(
        "CREATE TABLE Venues (" +
        "  VenueId     INT64 NOT NULL, " +
        "  Name        STRING(1024), " +
        "  Description JSON, " +
        ") PRIMARY KEY (VenueId)");
    batch.BatchCommands.Add(
        "CREATE TABLE Concerts (" +
        "  ConcertId INT64 NOT NULL, " +
        "  VenueId   INT64 NOT NULL, " +
        "  SingerId  INT64 NOT NULL, " +
        "  StartTime TIMESTAMP, " +
        "  EndTime   TIMESTAMP, " +
        "  CONSTRAINT Fk_Concerts_Venues " +
        "    FOREIGN KEY (VenueId) REFERENCES Venues (VenueId), " +
        "  CONSTRAINT Fk_Concerts_Singers " +
        "    FOREIGN KEY (SingerId) REFERENCES Singers (SingerId), " +
        ") PRIMARY KEY (ConcertId)");
    await batch.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();

    Console.WriteLine("Added Venues and Concerts tables");
}

PostgreSQL

public static async Task DdlBatch(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    // Executing multiple DDL statements as one batch is
    // more efficient than executing each statement individually.
    var batch = connection.CreateBatch();
    batch.BatchCommands.Add(
        "create table venues (" +
        "  venue_id    bigint not null primary key, " +
        "  name        varchar(1024), " +
        "  description jsonb" +
        ")");
    batch.BatchCommands.Add(
        "create table concerts (" +
        "  concert_id bigint not null primary key, " +
        "  venue_id   bigint not null, " +
        "  singer_id  bigint not null, " +
        "  start_time timestamptz, " +
        "  end_time   timestamptz, " +
        "  constraint fk_concerts_venues foreign key " +
        "    (venue_id) references venues (venue_id), " +
        "  constraint fk_concerts_singers foreign key " +
        "    (singer_id) references singers (singer_id)" +
        ")");
    await batch.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();

    Console.WriteLine("Added Venues and Concerts tables");
}

Jalankan contoh dengan perintah berikut:

GoogleSQL

dotnet run ddlbatch projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

PostgreSQL

dotnet run ddlbatchpg projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

Hasilnya menampilkan:

Added Venues and Concerts tables.

Menulis data ke kolom baru

Kode berikut menulis data ke kolom baru. Tindakan ini menetapkan MarketingBudget ke 100000 untuk baris yang dikunci oleh Albums(1, 1) dan ke 500000 untuk baris yang dikunci oleh Albums(2, 2).

GoogleSQL

public static async Task UpdateDataWithMutations(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    (long SingerId, long AlbumId, long MarketingBudget)[] albums = [
        (1L, 1L, 100000L),
        (2L, 2L, 500000L),
    ];
    // Use a batch to update two rows in one round-trip.
    var batch = connection.CreateBatch();
    foreach (var album in albums)
    {
        // This creates a command that will use a mutation to update the row.
        var command = batch.CreateUpdateCommand("Albums");
        command.AddParameter("SingerId", album.SingerId);
        command.AddParameter("AlbumId", album.AlbumId);
        command.AddParameter("MarketingBudget", album.MarketingBudget);
        batch.BatchCommands.Add(command);
    }
    var affected = await batch.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
    Console.WriteLine($"Updated {affected} albums.");
}

PostgreSQL

public static async Task UpdateDataWithMutations(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    (long SingerId, long AlbumId, long MarketingBudget)[] albums = [
        (1L, 1L, 100000L),
        (2L, 2L, 500000L),
    ];
    // Use a batch to update two rows in one round-trip.
    var batch = connection.CreateBatch();
    foreach (var album in albums)
    {
        // This creates a command that will use a mutation to update the row.
        var command = batch.CreateUpdateCommand("albums");
        command.AddParameter("singer_id", album.SingerId);
        command.AddParameter("album_id", album.AlbumId);
        command.AddParameter("marketing_budget", album.MarketingBudget);
        batch.BatchCommands.Add(command);
    }
    var affected = await batch.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
    Console.WriteLine($"Updated {affected} albums.");
}

Jalankan contoh dengan perintah berikut:

GoogleSQL

dotnet run update projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

PostgreSQL

dotnet run updatepg projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

Hasilnya menampilkan:

Updated 2 albums

Anda juga dapat menjalankan kueri SQL untuk mengambil nilai yang baru saja Anda tulis.

Contoh berikut menggunakan metode ExecuteReaderAsync untuk menjalankan kueri:

GoogleSQL

public static async Task QueryNewColumn(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.CommandText = "SELECT SingerId, AlbumId, MarketingBudget " +
                          "FROM Albums " +
                          "ORDER BY SingerId, AlbumId";
    await using var reader = await command.ExecuteReaderAsync();
    while (await reader.ReadAsync())
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"{reader["SingerId"]} {reader["AlbumId"]} {reader["MarketingBudget"]}");
    }
}

PostgreSQL

public static async Task QueryNewColumn(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.CommandText = "select singer_id, album_id, marketing_budget " +
                          "from albums " +
                          "order by singer_id, album_id";
    await using var reader = await command.ExecuteReaderAsync();
    while (await reader.ReadAsync())
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"{reader["singer_id"]} {reader["album_id"]} {reader["marketing_budget"]}");
    }
}

Untuk menjalankan kueri ini, jalankan perintah berikut:

GoogleSQL

dotnet run querymarketingbudget projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

PostgreSQL

dotnet run querymarketingbudgetpg projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

Anda akan melihat:

1 1 100000
1 2 null
2 1 null
2 2 500000
2 3 null

Memperbarui data

Anda dapat memperbarui data menggunakan DML dalam transaksi baca-tulis.

Panggil connection.BeginTransactionAsync() untuk menjalankan transaksi baca-tulis di ADO.NET.

GoogleSQL

public static async Task WriteDataWithTransaction(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    // Transfer marketing budget from one album to another. We do it in a
    // transaction to ensure that the transfer is atomic.
    await using var transaction = await connection.BeginTransactionAsync();

    // The Spanner ADO.NET driver supports both positional and named
    // query parameters. This query uses named query parameters.
    const string selectSql =
        "SELECT MarketingBudget " +
        "FROM Albums " +
        "WHERE SingerId = @singerId and AlbumId = @albumId";
    // Get the marketing_budget of singer 2 / album 2.
    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.CommandText = selectSql;
    command.Transaction = transaction;
    command.Parameters.AddWithValue("singerId", 2);
    command.Parameters.AddWithValue("albumId", 2);
    var budget2 = (long) (await command.ExecuteScalarAsync() ?? 0L);

    const long transfer = 20000L;
    // The transaction will only be committed if this condition still holds
    // at the time of commit. Otherwise, the transaction will be aborted.
    if (budget2 >= transfer)
    {
        // Get the marketing_budget of singer 1 / album 1.
        command.Parameters["singerId"].Value = 1;
        command.Parameters["albumId"].Value = 1;
        var budget1 = (long) (await command.ExecuteScalarAsync() ?? 0L);

        // Transfer part of the marketing budget of Album 2 to Album 1.
        budget1 += transfer;
        budget2 -= transfer;
        const string updateSql =
            "UPDATE Albums " +
            "SET MarketingBudget = @budget " +
            "WHERE SingerId = @singerId and AlbumId = @albumId";
        // Create a DML batch and execute it as part of the current transaction.
        var batch = connection.CreateBatch();
        batch.Transaction = transaction;

        // Update the marketing budgets of both Album 1 and Album 2 in a batch.
        (long SingerId, long AlbumId, long MarketingBudget)[] budgets = [
            new (1L, 1L, budget1),
            new (2L, 2L, budget2),
        ];
        foreach (var budget in budgets)
        {
            var batchCommand = batch.CreateBatchCommand();
            batchCommand.CommandText = updateSql;
            var singerIdParameter = batchCommand.CreateParameter();
            singerIdParameter.ParameterName = "singerId";
            singerIdParameter.Value = budget.SingerId;
            batchCommand.Parameters.Add(singerIdParameter);
            var albumIdParameter = batchCommand.CreateParameter();
            albumIdParameter.ParameterName = "albumId";
            albumIdParameter.Value = budget.AlbumId;
            batchCommand.Parameters.Add(albumIdParameter);
            var marketingBudgetParameter = batchCommand.CreateParameter();
            marketingBudgetParameter.ParameterName = "budget";
            marketingBudgetParameter.Value = budget.MarketingBudget;
            batchCommand.Parameters.Add(marketingBudgetParameter);
            batch.BatchCommands.Add(batchCommand);
        }
        var affected = await batch.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
        // The batch should update 2 rows.
        if (affected != 2)
        {
            await transaction.RollbackAsync();
            throw new InvalidOperationException($"Unexpected num affected: {affected}");
        }
    }
    // Commit the transaction.
    await transaction.CommitAsync();
    Console.WriteLine("Transferred marketing budget from Album 2 to Album 1");
}

PostgreSQL

public static async Task WriteDataWithTransaction(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    // Transfer marketing budget from one album to another. We do it in a
    // transaction to ensure that the transfer is atomic.
    await using var transaction = await connection.BeginTransactionAsync();

    // The Spanner ADO.NET driver supports both positional and named
    // query parameters. This query uses named query parameters.
    const string selectSql =
        "SELECT marketing_budget " +
        "FROM albums " +
        "WHERE singer_id = $1 and album_id = $2";
    // Get the marketing_budget of singer 2 / album 2.
    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.CommandText = selectSql;
    command.Transaction = transaction;
    command.Parameters.AddWithValue("p1", 2);
    command.Parameters.AddWithValue("p2", 2);
    var budget2 = (long) (await command.ExecuteScalarAsync() ?? 0L);

    const long transfer = 20000L;
    // The transaction will only be committed if this condition still holds
    // at the time of commit. Otherwise, the transaction will be aborted.
    if (budget2 >= transfer)
    {
        // Get the marketing_budget of singer 1 / album 1.
        command.Parameters["p1"].Value = 1;
        command.Parameters["p2"].Value = 1;
        var budget1 = (long) (await command.ExecuteScalarAsync() ?? 0L);

        // Transfer part of the marketing budget of Album 2 to Album 1.
        budget1 += transfer;
        budget2 -= transfer;
        const string updateSql =
            "UPDATE albums " +
            "SET marketing_budget = $1 " +
            "WHERE singer_id = $2 and album_id = $3";
        // Create a DML batch and execute it as part of the current transaction.
        var batch = connection.CreateBatch();
        batch.Transaction = transaction;

        // Update the marketing budgets of both Album 1 and Album 2 in a batch.
        (long SingerId, long AlbumId, long MarketingBudget)[] budgets = [
            new (1L, 1L, budget1),
            new (2L, 2L, budget2),
        ];
        foreach (var budget in budgets)
        {
            var batchCommand = batch.CreateBatchCommand();
            batchCommand.CommandText = updateSql;
            var marketingBudgetParameter = batchCommand.CreateParameter();
            marketingBudgetParameter.ParameterName = "p1";
            marketingBudgetParameter.Value = budget.MarketingBudget;
            batchCommand.Parameters.Add(marketingBudgetParameter);
            var singerIdParameter = batchCommand.CreateParameter();
            singerIdParameter.ParameterName = "p2";
            singerIdParameter.Value = budget.SingerId;
            batchCommand.Parameters.Add(singerIdParameter);
            var albumIdParameter = batchCommand.CreateParameter();
            albumIdParameter.ParameterName = "p3";
            albumIdParameter.Value = budget.AlbumId;
            batchCommand.Parameters.Add(albumIdParameter);
            batch.BatchCommands.Add(batchCommand);
        }
        var affected = await batch.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
        // The batch should update 2 rows.
        if (affected != 2)
        {
            await transaction.RollbackAsync();
            throw new InvalidOperationException($"Unexpected num affected: {affected}");
        }
    }
    // Commit the transaction.
    await transaction.CommitAsync();
    Console.WriteLine("Transferred marketing budget from Album 2 to Album 1");
}

Jalankan contoh dengan perintah berikut:

GoogleSQL

dotnet run writewithtransactionusingdml projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

PostgreSQL

dotnet run writewithtransactionusingdmlpg projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

Tag transaksi dan tag permintaan

Gunakan tag transaksi dan tag permintaan untuk memecahkan masalah transaksi dan kueri di Spanner. Anda dapat menyetel tag pada objek Transaksi untuk mengirim tag transaksi, dan objek DbCommand untuk mengirim tag permintaan ke Spanner. Contoh:

GoogleSQL

public static async Task Tags(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    const long singerId = 1L;
    const long albumId = 1L;

    await using var transaction = await connection.BeginTransactionAsync();
    // Set a tag on the transaction before executing any statements.
    transaction.Tag = "example-tx-tag";

    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.Transaction = transaction;
    command.Tag = "query-marketing-budget";
    command.CommandText =
        "SELECT MarketingBudget " +
        "FROM Albums " +
        "WHERE SingerId=? and AlbumId=?";
    command.Parameters.Add(singerId);
    command.Parameters.Add(albumId);
    var budget = (long)(await command.ExecuteScalarAsync() ?? 0L);

    // Reduce the marketing budget by 10% if it is more than 1,000.
    if (budget > 1000)
    {
        budget -= budget / 10;
        await using var updateCommand = connection.CreateCommand();
        updateCommand.Transaction = transaction;
        updateCommand.Tag = "reduce-marketing-budget";
        updateCommand.CommandText =
            "UPDATE Albums SET MarketingBudget=@budget WHERE SingerId=@singerId AND AlbumId=@albumId";
        updateCommand.Parameters.AddWithValue("budget", budget);
        updateCommand.Parameters.AddWithValue("singerId", singerId);
        updateCommand.Parameters.AddWithValue("albumId", albumId);
        await updateCommand.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
    }
    // Commit the transaction.
    await transaction.CommitAsync();
    Console.WriteLine("Reduced marketing budget");
}

PostgreSQL

public static async Task Tags(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    const long singerId = 1L;
    const long albumId = 1L;

    await using var transaction = await connection.BeginTransactionAsync();
    // Set a tag on the transaction before executing any statements.
    transaction.Tag = "example-tx-tag";

    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.Transaction = transaction;
    command.Tag = "query-marketing-budget";
    command.CommandText =
        "select marketing_budget " +
        "from albums " +
        "where singer_id=? and album_id=?";
    command.Parameters.Add(singerId);
    command.Parameters.Add(albumId);
    var budget = (long)(await command.ExecuteScalarAsync() ?? 0L);

    // Reduce the marketing budget by 10% if it is more than 1,000.
    if (budget > 1000)
    {
        budget -= budget / 10;
        await using var updateCommand = connection.CreateCommand();
        updateCommand.Transaction = transaction;
        updateCommand.Tag = "reduce-marketing-budget";
        updateCommand.CommandText =
            "update albums set marketing_budget=$1 where singer_id=$2 and album_id=$3";
        updateCommand.Parameters.Add(budget);
        updateCommand.Parameters.Add(singerId);
        updateCommand.Parameters.Add(albumId);
        await updateCommand.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
    }
    // Commit the transaction.
    await transaction.CommitAsync();
    Console.WriteLine("Reduced marketing budget");
}

Jalankan contoh dengan perintah berikut:

GoogleSQL

dotnet run tags projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

PostgreSQL

dotnet run tagspg projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

Mengambil data menggunakan transaksi hanya baca

Misalkan Anda ingin menjalankan lebih dari satu pembacaan pada stempel waktu yang sama. Transaksi hanya baca mengamati awalan yang konsisten dari histori commit transaksi, sehingga aplikasi Anda selalu mendapatkan data yang konsisten. Panggil connection.BeginReadOnlyTransactionAsync() untuk menjalankan transaksi hanya baca.

Berikut cara menjalankan kueri dan melakukan pembacaan dalam transaksi hanya baca yang sama:

GoogleSQL

public static async Task ReadOnlyTransaction(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    // Start a read-only transaction on this connection.
    await using var transaction = await connection.BeginReadOnlyTransactionAsync();

    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.Transaction = transaction;
    command.CommandText = "SELECT SingerId, AlbumId, AlbumTitle " +
                          "FROM Albums " +
                          "ORDER BY SingerId, AlbumId";
    await using (var reader = await command.ExecuteReaderAsync())
    {
        while (await reader.ReadAsync())
        {
            Console.WriteLine(
                $"{reader["SingerId"]} {reader["AlbumId"]} {reader["AlbumTitle"]}");
        }
    }

    // Execute another query using the same read-only transaction.
    command.CommandText = "SELECT SingerId, AlbumId, AlbumTitle " +
                          "FROM Albums " +
                          "ORDER BY AlbumTitle";
    await using (var reader = await command.ExecuteReaderAsync())
    {
        while (await reader.ReadAsync())
        {
            Console.WriteLine(
                $"{reader["SingerId"]} {reader["AlbumId"]} {reader["AlbumTitle"]}");
        }
    }

    // End the read-only transaction by calling Commit.
    await transaction.CommitAsync();
}

PostgreSQL

public static async Task ReadOnlyTransaction(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    // Start a read-only transaction on this connection.
    await using var transaction = await connection.BeginReadOnlyTransactionAsync();

    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.Transaction = transaction;
    command.CommandText = "SELECT SingerId, AlbumId, AlbumTitle " +
                          "FROM Albums " +
                          "ORDER BY SingerId, AlbumId";
    await using (var reader = await command.ExecuteReaderAsync())
    {
        while (await reader.ReadAsync())
        {
            Console.WriteLine(
                $"{reader["SingerId"]} {reader["AlbumId"]} {reader["AlbumTitle"]}");
        }
    }

    // Execute another query using the same read-only transaction.
    command.CommandText = "SELECT SingerId, AlbumId, AlbumTitle " +
                          "FROM Albums " +
                          "ORDER BY AlbumTitle";
    await using (var reader = await command.ExecuteReaderAsync())
    {
        while (await reader.ReadAsync())
        {
            Console.WriteLine(
                $"{reader["SingerId"]} {reader["AlbumId"]} {reader["AlbumTitle"]}");
        }
    }

    // End the read-only transaction by calling Commit.
    await transaction.CommitAsync();
}

Jalankan contoh dengan perintah berikut:

GoogleSQL

dotnet run readonlytransaction projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

PostgreSQL

dotnet run readonlytransactionpg projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

Hasilnya menampilkan:

    1 1 Total Junk
    1 2 Go, Go, Go
    2 1 Green
    2 2 Forever Hold Your Peace
    2 3 Terrified
    2 2 Forever Hold Your Peace
    1 2 Go, Go, Go
    2 1 Green
    2 3 Terrified
    1 1 Total Junk

DML yang dipartisi

Bahasa Pengolahan Data (DML) Terpartisi dirancang untuk jenis update dan penghapusan massal berikut:

• Pembersihan berkala dan pembersihan sampah memori.
• Mengisi ulang kolom baru dengan nilai default.

GoogleSQL

public static async Task PartitionedDml(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    // Enable Partitioned DML on this connection.
    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.CommandText = "SET AUTOCOMMIT_DML_MODE='PARTITIONED_NON_ATOMIC'";
    await command.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();

    // Back-fill a default value for the MarketingBudget column.
    command.CommandText = "UPDATE Albums SET MarketingBudget=0 WHERE MarketingBudget IS NULL";
    var affected = await command.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();

    // Partitioned DML returns the minimum number of records that were affected.
    Console.WriteLine($"Updated at least {affected} albums");

    // Reset the value for AUTOCOMMIT_DML_MODE to its default.
    command.CommandText = "RESET AUTOCOMMIT_DML_MODE";
    await command.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
}

PostgreSQL

public static async Task PartitionedDml(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    // Enable Partitioned DML on this connection.
    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.CommandText = "set autocommit_dml_mode='partitioned_non_atomic'";
    await command.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();

    // Back-fill a default value for the MarketingBudget column.
    command.CommandText = "update albums set marketing_budget=0 where marketing_budget is null";
    var affected = await command.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();

    // Partitioned DML returns the minimum number of records that were affected.
    Console.WriteLine($"Updated at least {affected} albums");

    // Reset the value for autocommit_dml_mode to its default.
    command.CommandText = "reset autocommit_dml_mode";
    await command.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
}

Jalankan contoh dengan perintah berikut:

GoogleSQL

dotnet run pdml projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

PostgreSQL

dotnet run pdmlpg projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

Pembersihan

Agar tidak menimbulkan biaya tambahan pada akun Penagihan Cloud Anda untuk resource yang digunakan dalam tutorial ini, hapus database dan hapus instance yang Anda buat.

Menghapus database

Jika Anda menghapus instance, semua database di dalamnya akan otomatis dihapus. Langkah ini menunjukkan cara menghapus database tanpa menghapus instance (Anda tetap dikenai biaya untuk instance tersebut).

Di command line

gcloud spanner databases delete example-db --instance=test-instance

Menggunakan Google Cloud console

1. Buka halaman Spanner Instances di konsol Google Cloud .

   Buka halaman Instances

2. Klik instance.

3. Klik database yang ingin Anda hapus.

4. Di halaman Database details, klik Delete.

5. Konfirmasi bahwa Anda ingin menghapus database, lalu klik Hapus.

Menghapus instance

Menghapus instance akan otomatis menghapus semua database yang dibuat di instance tersebut.

Di command line

gcloud spanner instances delete test-instance

Menggunakan Google Cloud console

1. Buka halaman Spanner Instances di konsol Google Cloud .

   Buka halaman Instances

2. Klik instance Anda.

3. Klik Hapus.

4. Konfirmasi bahwa Anda ingin menghapus instance, lalu klik Hapus.

Langkah berikutnya

• Pelajari cara mengakses Spanner dengan instance virtual machine.

• Pelajari kredensial otorisasi dan autentikasi di Mengautentikasi ke layanan Cloud menggunakan library klien.

• Pelajari lebih lanjut Praktik terbaik desain skema Spanner.