Comienza a usar Spanner en ADO.NET

Objetivos

En este instructivo, se explican los siguientes pasos para usar el controlador ADO.NET de Spanner:

  • Crea una instancia y una base de datos de Spanner.
  • Escribe, lee y ejecuta consultas de SQL sobre datos en la base de datos.
  • Actualiza el esquema de la base de datos.
  • Actualiza los datos mediante una transacción de lectura y escritura.
  • Agrega un índice secundario a la base de datos.
  • Usa el índice para leer y ejecutar consultas de SQL sobre datos.
  • Recupera datos con una transacción de solo lectura.

Costos

En este instructivo, se usa Spanner, que es un componente facturable deGoogle Cloud. Para obtener información sobre el costo de usar Spanner, consulta Precios.

Antes de comenzar

Completa los pasos descritos en Configuración, que abarcan la creación y configuración de un proyecto Google Cloud predeterminado, la habilitación de la facturación, la habilitación de la API de Cloud Spanner y la configuración de OAuth 2.0 para obtener credenciales de autenticación para usar la API de Cloud Spanner.

En especial, asegúrate de ejecutar gcloud auth application-default login para configurar tu entorno de desarrollo local con credenciales de autenticación.

Prepara tu entorno local de ADO.NET

  1. Descarga e instala .NET en tu máquina de desarrollo si aún no lo hiciste.

  2. Clona el repositorio de muestra en tu máquina local:

    git clone https://github.com/googleapis/dotnet-spanner-entity-framework.git

  3. Cambia al directorio que contiene el código de muestra del controlador ADO.NET de Spanner:

    cd dotnet-spanner-entity-framework/spanner-ado-net/spanner-ado-net-getting-started-guide

Crea una instancia

Cuando usas Spanner por primera vez, debes crear una instancia, que es una asignación de recursos que usan las bases de datos de Spanner. Cuando creas una instancia, debes elegir una configuración de instancia, que determina dónde se almacenan tus datos y también la cantidad de nodos que se usarán, lo que, a su vez, determina la cantidad de recursos de entrega y almacenamiento de tu instancia.

Consulta Crea una instancia para obtener información sobre cómo crear una instancia de Spanner con cualquiera de los siguientes métodos. Puedes nombrar tu instancia test-instance para usarla con otros temas de este documento que hacen referencia a una instancia llamada test-instance.

  • Google Cloud CLI
  • La consola de Google Cloud
  • Una biblioteca cliente (C++, C#, Go, Java, Node.js, PHP, Python o Ruby)

Examina archivos de muestra

El repositorio de muestras contiene una muestra que indica cómo usar Spanner con ADO.NET.

Consulta el archivo SampleRunner.cs, en el que se muestra cómo usar Spanner. El código es un instructivo sobre cómo crear y usar una base de datos nueva. Los datos utilizan el esquema de ejemplo de la página Esquema y modelo de datos.

Crea una base de datos

GoogleSQL 

gcloud spanner databases create example-db --instance=test-instance

PostgreSQL 

gcloud spanner databases create example-db --instance=test-instance \
  --database-dialect=POSTGRESQL

Deberías ver lo siguiente:

Creating database...done.

Crear tablas

El siguiente código crea dos tablas en la base de datos.

GoogleSQL 

public static async Task CreateTables(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    // Create two tables in one batch on Spanner.
    var batch = connection.CreateBatch();
    batch.BatchCommands.Add("CREATE TABLE Singers (" +
                            "  SingerId   INT64 NOT NULL, " +
                            "  FirstName  STRING(1024), " +
                            "  LastName   STRING(1024), " +
                            "  SingerInfo BYTES(MAX) " +
                            ") PRIMARY KEY (SingerId)");
    batch.BatchCommands.Add("CREATE TABLE Albums ( " +
                            "  SingerId     INT64 NOT NULL, " +
                            "  AlbumId      INT64 NOT NULL, " +
                            "  AlbumTitle   STRING(MAX)" +
                            ") PRIMARY KEY (SingerId, AlbumId), " +
                            "INTERLEAVE IN PARENT Singers ON DELETE CASCADE");
    await batch.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
    Console.WriteLine("Created Singers & Albums tables");
}

PostgreSQL 

public static async Task CreateTables(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    // Create two tables in one batch on Spanner.
    var batch = connection.CreateBatch();
    batch.BatchCommands.Add("create table singers (" +
                            "  singer_id   bigint not null primary key, " +
                            "  first_name  varchar(1024), " +
                            "  last_name   varchar(1024), " +
                            "  singer_info bytea" +
                            ")");
    batch.BatchCommands.Add("create table albums (" +
                            "  singer_id     bigint not null, " +
                            "  album_id      bigint not null, " +
                            "  album_title   varchar, " +
                            "  primary key (singer_id, album_id)" +
                            ") interleave in parent singers on delete cascade");
    await batch.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
    Console.WriteLine("Created Singers & Albums tables");
}

Ejecuta la muestra con el siguiente comando:

GoogleSQL 

dotnet run createtables projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

PostgreSQL 

dotnet run createtablespg projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

El siguiente paso consiste en escribir datos en tu base de datos.

Crear una conexión

Para poder realizar operaciones de lectura o escritura, debes crear una conexión para interactuar con Spanner. El nombre de la base de datos y otras propiedades de conexión se especifican en la cadena de conexión de ADO.NET.

GoogleSQL 

/// <summary>
/// Create an ADO.NET connection to a Spanner database.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="connectionString">
/// A connection string in the format
/// 'Data Source=projects/my-project/instances/my-instance/databases/my-database'.
/// </param>
public static async Task CreateConnection(string connectionString)
{
    // Use a SpannerConnectionStringBuilder to construct a connection string.
    // The SpannerConnectionStringBuilder contains properties for the most
    // used connection string variables.
    var builder = new SpannerConnectionStringBuilder(connectionString)
    {
        // Sets the default isolation level that should be used for all
        // read/write transactions on this connection.
        DefaultIsolationLevel = IsolationLevel.RepeatableRead,

        // The Options property can be used to set any connection property
        // as a key-value pair.
        Options = "statement_cache_size=2000"
    };

    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(builder.ConnectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.CommandText = "SELECT 'Hello World' as Message";
    await using var reader = await command.ExecuteReaderAsync();
    while (await reader.ReadAsync())
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"Greeting from Spanner: {reader.GetString(0)}");
    }
}

PostgreSQL 

/// <summary>
/// Create an ADO.NET connection to a Spanner PostgreSQL database.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="connectionString">
/// A connection string in the format
/// 'Data Source=projects/my-project/instances/my-instance/databases/my-database'.
/// </param>
public static async Task CreateConnection(string connectionString)
{
    // Use a SpannerConnectionStringBuilder to construct a connection string.
    // The SpannerConnectionStringBuilder contains properties for the most
    // used connection string variables.
    var builder = new SpannerConnectionStringBuilder(connectionString)
    {
        // Sets the default isolation level that should be used for all
        // read/write transactions on this connection.
        DefaultIsolationLevel = IsolationLevel.RepeatableRead,

        // The Options property can be used to set any connection property
        // as a key-value pair.
        Options = "statement_cache_size=2000"
    };

    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(builder.ConnectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.CommandText = "SELECT 'Hello World' as Message";
    await using var reader = await command.ExecuteReaderAsync();
    while (await reader.ReadAsync())
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"Greeting from Spanner: {reader.GetString(0)}");
    }
}

Escribe datos con DML

Puedes insertar datos mediante el lenguaje de manipulación de datos (DML) en una transacción de lectura y escritura.

Usa el método DbCommand#ExecuteNonQuery para ejecutar una declaración DML.

GoogleSQL 

public static async Task WriteDataWithDml(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    // Add 4 rows in one statement.
    // The ADO.NET driver supports positional query parameters.
    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.CommandText = "INSERT INTO Singers (SingerId, FirstName, LastName) " +
                          "VALUES (?, ?, ?), (?, ?, ?), " +
                          "       (?, ?, ?), (?, ?, ?)";
    command.Parameters.Add(12);
    command.Parameters.Add("Melissa");
    command.Parameters.Add("Garcia");

    command.Parameters.Add(13);
    command.Parameters.Add("Russel");
    command.Parameters.Add("Morales");

    command.Parameters.Add(14);
    command.Parameters.Add("Jacqueline");
    command.Parameters.Add("Long");

    command.Parameters.Add(15);
    command.Parameters.Add("Dylan");
    command.Parameters.Add("Shaw");

    var affected = await command.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
    Console.WriteLine($"{affected} record(s) inserted.");
}

PostgreSQL 

public static async Task WriteDataWithDml(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    // Add 4 rows in one statement.
    // The ADO.NET driver supports positional query parameters.
    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.CommandText = "insert into singers (singer_id, first_name, last_name) " +
                          "VALUES (?, ?, ?), (?, ?, ?), " +
                          "       (?, ?, ?), (?, ?, ?)";
    command.Parameters.Add(12);
    command.Parameters.Add("Melissa");
    command.Parameters.Add("Garcia");

    command.Parameters.Add(13);
    command.Parameters.Add("Russel");
    command.Parameters.Add("Morales");

    command.Parameters.Add(14);
    command.Parameters.Add("Jacqueline");
    command.Parameters.Add("Long");

    command.Parameters.Add(15);
    command.Parameters.Add("Dylan");
    command.Parameters.Add("Shaw");

    var affected = await command.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
    Console.WriteLine($"{affected} record(s) inserted.");
}

Ejecuta la muestra con el siguiente comando:

GoogleSQL 

dotnet run dmlwrite projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

PostgreSQL 

dotnet run dmlwritepg projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

El resultado debería mostrar lo siguiente:

4 records inserted.

Escribe datos con mutaciones

También puedes insertar datos mediante mutaciones.

Puedes insertar datos con el método batch.CreateInsertCommand(), que crea un SpannerBatchCommand nuevo para insertar filas en una tabla. El método SpannerBatchCommand.ExecuteNonQueryAsync() agrega filas nuevas a la tabla.

En el siguiente código, se muestra cómo escribir datos con mutaciones:

GoogleSQL 

struct Singer
{
    internal long SingerId;
    internal string FirstName;
    internal string LastName;
}

struct Album
{
    internal long SingerId;
    internal long AlbumId;
    internal string Title;
}

public static async Task WriteDataWithMutations(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    Singer[] singers =
    [
        new() {SingerId=1, FirstName = "Marc", LastName = "Richards"},
        new() {SingerId=2, FirstName = "Catalina", LastName = "Smith"},
        new() {SingerId=3, FirstName = "Alice", LastName = "Trentor"},
        new() {SingerId=4, FirstName = "Lea", LastName = "Martin"},
        new() {SingerId=5, FirstName = "David", LastName = "Lomond"},
    ];
    Album[] albums =
    [
        new() {SingerId = 1, AlbumId = 1, Title = "Total Junk"},
        new() {SingerId = 1, AlbumId = 2, Title = "Go, Go, Go"},
        new() {SingerId = 2, AlbumId = 1, Title = "Green"},
        new() {SingerId = 2, AlbumId = 2, Title = "Forever Hold Your Peace"},
        new() {SingerId = 2, AlbumId = 3, Title = "Terrified"},
    ];
    var batch = connection.CreateBatch();
    foreach (var singer in singers)
    {
        // The name of a parameter must correspond with a column name.
        var command = batch.CreateInsertCommand("Singers");
        command.AddParameter("SingerId", singer.SingerId);
        command.AddParameter("FirstName", singer.FirstName);
        command.AddParameter("LastName", singer.LastName);
        batch.BatchCommands.Add(command);
    }
    foreach (var album in albums)
    {
        // The name of a parameter must correspond with a column name.
        var command = batch.CreateInsertCommand("Albums");
        command.AddParameter("SingerId", album.SingerId);
        command.AddParameter("AlbumId", album.AlbumId);
        command.AddParameter("AlbumTitle", album.Title);
        batch.BatchCommands.Add(command);
    }
    var affected = await batch.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
    Console.WriteLine($"Inserted {affected} rows.");
}

PostgreSQL 

struct Singer
{
    internal long SingerId;
    internal string FirstName;
    internal string LastName;
}

struct Album
{
    internal long SingerId;
    internal long AlbumId;
    internal string Title;
}

public static async Task WriteDataWithMutations(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    Singer[] singers =
    [
        new() {SingerId=1, FirstName = "Marc", LastName = "Richards"},
        new() {SingerId=2, FirstName = "Catalina", LastName = "Smith"},
        new() {SingerId=3, FirstName = "Alice", LastName = "Trentor"},
        new() {SingerId=4, FirstName = "Lea", LastName = "Martin"},
        new() {SingerId=5, FirstName = "David", LastName = "Lomond"},
    ];
    Album[] albums =
    [
        new() {SingerId = 1, AlbumId = 1, Title = "Total Junk"},
        new() {SingerId = 1, AlbumId = 2, Title = "Go, Go, Go"},
        new() {SingerId = 2, AlbumId = 1, Title = "Green"},
        new() {SingerId = 2, AlbumId = 2, Title = "Forever Hold Your Peace"},
        new() {SingerId = 2, AlbumId = 3, Title = "Terrified"},
    ];
    var batch = connection.CreateBatch();
    foreach (var singer in singers)
    {
        // The name of a parameter must correspond with a column name.
        var command = batch.CreateInsertCommand("singers");
        command.AddParameter("singer_id", singer.SingerId);
        command.AddParameter("first_name", singer.FirstName);
        command.AddParameter("last_name", singer.LastName);
        batch.BatchCommands.Add(command);
    }
    foreach (var album in albums)
    {
        // The name of a parameter must correspond with a column name.
        var command = batch.CreateInsertCommand("albums");
        command.AddParameter("singer_id", album.SingerId);
        command.AddParameter("album_id", album.AlbumId);
        command.AddParameter("album_title", album.Title);
        batch.BatchCommands.Add(command);
    }
    var affected = await batch.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
    Console.WriteLine($"Inserted {affected} rows.");
}

Ejecuta el siguiente ejemplo con el argumento write:

GoogleSQL 

dotnet run write projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

PostgreSQL 

dotnet run writepg projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

Consulta datos mediante SQL

Spanner admite una interfaz de SQL para leer datos, a la que puedes acceder desde la línea de comandos con Google Cloud CLI o de manera programática con el controlador de ADO.NET de Spanner.

En la línea de comandos

Ejecuta la siguiente instrucción de SQL para leer los valores de todas las columnas de la tabla Albums:

GoogleSQL 

gcloud spanner databases execute-sql example-db --instance=test-instance \
    --sql='SELECT SingerId, AlbumId, AlbumTitle FROM Albums'

PostgreSQL 

gcloud spanner databases execute-sql example-db --instance=test-instance \
    --sql='SELECT singer_id, album_id, album_title FROM albums'

El resultado muestra lo siguiente:

SingerId AlbumId AlbumTitle
1        1       Total Junk
1        2       Go, Go, Go
2        1       Green
2        2       Forever Hold Your Peace
2        3       Terrified

Usa el controlador ADO.NET de Spanner

Además de ejecutar una instrucción de SQL en la línea de comandos, puedes emitir la misma instrucción de SQL de manera programática con el controlador de ADO.NET de Spanner.

Los siguientes métodos se usan para ejecutar una consulta en SQL:

  • El método ExecuteReader de la clase DbCommand: Úsalo para ejecutar una instrucción de SQL que devuelva filas, como una consulta o una declaración DML con una cláusula THEN RETURN.
  • Clase DbDataReader: Úsala para acceder a los datos que muestra una instrucción de SQL.

En el siguiente ejemplo, se usa el método ExecuteReaderAsync:

GoogleSQL 

public static async Task QueryData(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.CommandText = "SELECT SingerId, AlbumId, AlbumTitle " +
                          "FROM Albums " +
                          "ORDER BY SingerId, AlbumId";
    await using var reader = await command.ExecuteReaderAsync();
    while (await reader.ReadAsync())
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"{reader["SingerId"]} {reader["AlbumId"]} {reader["AlbumTitle"]}");
    }
}

PostgreSQL 

public static async Task QueryData(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.CommandText = "SELECT singer_id, album_id, album_title " +
                          "FROM albums " +
                          "ORDER BY singer_id, album_id";
    await using var reader = await command.ExecuteReaderAsync();
    while (await reader.ReadAsync())
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"{reader["singer_id"]} {reader["album_id"]} {reader["album_title"]}");
    }
}

Ejecuta el ejemplo con el siguiente comando:

GoogleSQL 

dotnet run query projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

PostgreSQL 

dotnet run querypg projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

El resultado debería mostrar lo siguiente:

1 1 Total Junk
1 2 Go, Go, Go
2 1 Green
2 2 Forever Hold Your Peace
2 3 Terrified

Consulta mediante un parámetro de SQL

Si tu aplicación tiene una consulta que se ejecuta con frecuencia, puedes mejorar su rendimiento parametrizándola. La consulta paramétrica resultante se puede almacenar en caché y volver a usar, lo que reduce los costos de compilación. Para obtener más información, consulta Usa parámetros de consulta para agilizar las consultas que se ejecutan con frecuencia.

Este es un ejemplo del uso de un parámetro en la cláusula WHERE para consultar registros que contienen un valor específico para LastName.

El controlador ADO.NET de Spanner admite parámetros de consulta con nombre y posicionales. Un ? en una instrucción de SQL indica un parámetro de consulta posicional. Agrega valores de parámetros de consulta al Parameters de DbCommand. Por ejemplo:

GoogleSQL 

public static async Task QueryDataWithParameter(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.CommandText = "SELECT SingerId, FirstName, LastName " +
                          "FROM Singers " +
                          "WHERE LastName = ?";
    command.Parameters.Add("Garcia");
    await using var reader = await command.ExecuteReaderAsync();
    while (await reader.ReadAsync())
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"{reader["SingerId"]} {reader["FirstName"]} {reader["LastName"]}");
    }
}

PostgreSQL 

public static async Task QueryDataWithParameter(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.CommandText = "SELECT singer_id, first_name, last_name " +
                          "FROM singers " +
                          "WHERE last_name = ?";
    command.Parameters.Add("Garcia");
    await using var reader = await command.ExecuteReaderAsync();
    while (await reader.ReadAsync())
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"{reader["singer_id"]} {reader["first_name"]} {reader["last_name"]}");
    }
}

Ejecuta el ejemplo con el siguiente comando:

GoogleSQL 

dotnet run querywithparameter projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

PostgreSQL 

dotnet run querywithparameterpg projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

El resultado muestra lo siguiente:

12 Melissa Garcia

Actualiza el esquema de la base de datos

Supongamos que necesitas agregar una columna nueva llamada MarketingBudget a la tabla Albums. Para agregar una columna nueva a una tabla existente, es necesario actualizar el esquema de la base de datos. Spanner admite actualizaciones del esquema de una base de datos mientras esta sigue entregando tráfico. Las actualizaciones de esquema no requieren que la base de datos esté sin conexión y no bloquean tablas ni columnas completas. Puedes continuar escribiendo datos en la base de datos durante la actualización del esquema. Obtén más información sobre las actualizaciones admitidas del esquema y el rendimiento de los cambios de esquema en Realiza actualizaciones de esquema.

Agrega una columna

Puedes agregar una columna en la línea de comandos con Google Cloud CLI o de manera programática con el controlador de ADO.NET de Spanner.

En la línea de comandos

Usa el siguiente comando ALTER TABLE para agregar la columna nueva a la tabla:

GoogleSQL 

gcloud spanner databases ddl update example-db --instance=test-instance \
    --ddl='ALTER TABLE Albums ADD COLUMN MarketingBudget INT64'

PostgreSQL 

gcloud spanner databases ddl update example-db --instance=test-instance \
    --ddl='alter table albums add column marketing_budget bigint'

Deberías ver lo siguiente:

Schema updating...done.

Usa el controlador ADO.NET de Spanner

Usa el método ExecuteNonQueryAsync para modificar el esquema:

GoogleSQL 

public static async Task AddColumn(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.CommandText = "ALTER TABLE Albums ADD COLUMN MarketingBudget INT64";
    await command.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();

    Console.WriteLine("Added MarketingBudget column");
}

PostgreSQL 

public static async Task AddColumn(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.CommandText = "alter table albums add column marketing_budget bigint";
    await command.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();

    Console.WriteLine("Added marketing_budget column");
}

Ejecuta el ejemplo con el siguiente comando:

GoogleSQL 

dotnet run addcolumn projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

PostgreSQL 

dotnet run addcolumnpg projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

El resultado muestra lo siguiente:

Added MarketingBudget column.

Ejecuta un lote de DDL

Te recomendamos que ejecutes varias modificaciones del esquema en un solo lote. Usa el método CreateBatch de ADO.NET para crear un lote. En el siguiente ejemplo, se crean dos tablas en un lote:

GoogleSQL 

public static async Task DdlBatch(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    // Executing multiple DDL statements as one batch is
    // more efficient than executing each statement individually.
    var batch = connection.CreateBatch();
    batch.BatchCommands.Add(
        "CREATE TABLE Venues (" +
        "  VenueId     INT64 NOT NULL, " +
        "  Name        STRING(1024), " +
        "  Description JSON, " +
        ") PRIMARY KEY (VenueId)");
    batch.BatchCommands.Add(
        "CREATE TABLE Concerts (" +
        "  ConcertId INT64 NOT NULL, " +
        "  VenueId   INT64 NOT NULL, " +
        "  SingerId  INT64 NOT NULL, " +
        "  StartTime TIMESTAMP, " +
        "  EndTime   TIMESTAMP, " +
        "  CONSTRAINT Fk_Concerts_Venues " +
        "    FOREIGN KEY (VenueId) REFERENCES Venues (VenueId), " +
        "  CONSTRAINT Fk_Concerts_Singers " +
        "    FOREIGN KEY (SingerId) REFERENCES Singers (SingerId), " +
        ") PRIMARY KEY (ConcertId)");
    await batch.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();

    Console.WriteLine("Added Venues and Concerts tables");
}

PostgreSQL 

public static async Task DdlBatch(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    // Executing multiple DDL statements as one batch is
    // more efficient than executing each statement individually.
    var batch = connection.CreateBatch();
    batch.BatchCommands.Add(
        "create table venues (" +
        "  venue_id    bigint not null primary key, " +
        "  name        varchar(1024), " +
        "  description jsonb" +
        ")");
    batch.BatchCommands.Add(
        "create table concerts (" +
        "  concert_id bigint not null primary key, " +
        "  venue_id   bigint not null, " +
        "  singer_id  bigint not null, " +
        "  start_time timestamptz, " +
        "  end_time   timestamptz, " +
        "  constraint fk_concerts_venues foreign key " +
        "    (venue_id) references venues (venue_id), " +
        "  constraint fk_concerts_singers foreign key " +
        "    (singer_id) references singers (singer_id)" +
        ")");
    await batch.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();

    Console.WriteLine("Added Venues and Concerts tables");
}

Ejecuta el ejemplo con el siguiente comando:

GoogleSQL 

dotnet run ddlbatch projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

PostgreSQL 

dotnet run ddlbatchpg projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

El resultado muestra lo siguiente:

Added Venues and Concerts tables.

Escribe datos en la columna nueva

Con el siguiente código, se escriben datos en la columna nueva. Establece MarketingBudget en 100000 para la fila marcada por Albums(1, 1) y en 500000 para la fila marcada por Albums(2, 2).

GoogleSQL 

public static async Task UpdateDataWithMutations(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    (long SingerId, long AlbumId, long MarketingBudget)[] albums = [
        (1L, 1L, 100000L),
        (2L, 2L, 500000L),
    ];
    // Use a batch to update two rows in one round-trip.
    var batch = connection.CreateBatch();
    foreach (var album in albums)
    {
        // This creates a command that will use a mutation to update the row.
        var command = batch.CreateUpdateCommand("Albums");
        command.AddParameter("SingerId", album.SingerId);
        command.AddParameter("AlbumId", album.AlbumId);
        command.AddParameter("MarketingBudget", album.MarketingBudget);
        batch.BatchCommands.Add(command);
    }
    var affected = await batch.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
    Console.WriteLine($"Updated {affected} albums.");
}

PostgreSQL 

public static async Task UpdateDataWithMutations(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    (long SingerId, long AlbumId, long MarketingBudget)[] albums = [
        (1L, 1L, 100000L),
        (2L, 2L, 500000L),
    ];
    // Use a batch to update two rows in one round-trip.
    var batch = connection.CreateBatch();
    foreach (var album in albums)
    {
        // This creates a command that will use a mutation to update the row.
        var command = batch.CreateUpdateCommand("albums");
        command.AddParameter("singer_id", album.SingerId);
        command.AddParameter("album_id", album.AlbumId);
        command.AddParameter("marketing_budget", album.MarketingBudget);
        batch.BatchCommands.Add(command);
    }
    var affected = await batch.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
    Console.WriteLine($"Updated {affected} albums.");
}

Ejecuta el ejemplo con el siguiente comando:

GoogleSQL 

dotnet run update projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

PostgreSQL 

dotnet run updatepg projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

El resultado muestra lo siguiente:

Updated 2 albums

También puedes ejecutar una consulta de SQL para obtener los valores que acabas de escribir.

En el siguiente ejemplo, se usa el método ExecuteReaderAsync para ejecutar una consulta:

GoogleSQL 

public static async Task QueryNewColumn(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.CommandText = "SELECT SingerId, AlbumId, MarketingBudget " +
                          "FROM Albums " +
                          "ORDER BY SingerId, AlbumId";
    await using var reader = await command.ExecuteReaderAsync();
    while (await reader.ReadAsync())
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"{reader["SingerId"]} {reader["AlbumId"]} {reader["MarketingBudget"]}");
    }
}

PostgreSQL 

public static async Task QueryNewColumn(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.CommandText = "select singer_id, album_id, marketing_budget " +
                          "from albums " +
                          "order by singer_id, album_id";
    await using var reader = await command.ExecuteReaderAsync();
    while (await reader.ReadAsync())
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"{reader["singer_id"]} {reader["album_id"]} {reader["marketing_budget"]}");
    }
}

Para ejecutar esta consulta, ejecuta el siguiente comando:

GoogleSQL 

dotnet run querymarketingbudget projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

PostgreSQL 

dotnet run querymarketingbudgetpg projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

Deberías ver lo siguiente:

1 1 100000
1 2 null
2 1 null
2 2 500000
2 3 null

Actualiza datos

Puedes actualizar los datos mediante DML en una transacción de lectura y escritura.

Llama a connection.BeginTransactionAsync() para ejecutar transacciones de lectura y escritura en ADO.NET.

GoogleSQL 

public static async Task WriteDataWithTransaction(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    // Transfer marketing budget from one album to another. We do it in a
    // transaction to ensure that the transfer is atomic.
    await using var transaction = await connection.BeginTransactionAsync();

    // The Spanner ADO.NET driver supports both positional and named
    // query parameters. This query uses named query parameters.
    const string selectSql =
        "SELECT MarketingBudget " +
        "FROM Albums " +
        "WHERE SingerId = @singerId and AlbumId = @albumId";
    // Get the marketing_budget of singer 2 / album 2.
    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.CommandText = selectSql;
    command.Transaction = transaction;
    command.Parameters.AddWithValue("singerId", 2);
    command.Parameters.AddWithValue("albumId", 2);
    var budget2 = (long) (await command.ExecuteScalarAsync() ?? 0L);

    const long transfer = 20000L;
    // The transaction will only be committed if this condition still holds
    // at the time of commit. Otherwise, the transaction will be aborted.
    if (budget2 >= transfer)
    {
        // Get the marketing_budget of singer 1 / album 1.
        command.Parameters["singerId"].Value = 1;
        command.Parameters["albumId"].Value = 1;
        var budget1 = (long) (await command.ExecuteScalarAsync() ?? 0L);

        // Transfer part of the marketing budget of Album 2 to Album 1.
        budget1 += transfer;
        budget2 -= transfer;
        const string updateSql =
            "UPDATE Albums " +
            "SET MarketingBudget = @budget " +
            "WHERE SingerId = @singerId and AlbumId = @albumId";
        // Create a DML batch and execute it as part of the current transaction.
        var batch = connection.CreateBatch();
        batch.Transaction = transaction;

        // Update the marketing budgets of both Album 1 and Album 2 in a batch.
        (long SingerId, long AlbumId, long MarketingBudget)[] budgets = [
            new (1L, 1L, budget1),
            new (2L, 2L, budget2),
        ];
        foreach (var budget in budgets)
        {
            var batchCommand = batch.CreateBatchCommand();
            batchCommand.CommandText = updateSql;
            var singerIdParameter = batchCommand.CreateParameter();
            singerIdParameter.ParameterName = "singerId";
            singerIdParameter.Value = budget.SingerId;
            batchCommand.Parameters.Add(singerIdParameter);
            var albumIdParameter = batchCommand.CreateParameter();
            albumIdParameter.ParameterName = "albumId";
            albumIdParameter.Value = budget.AlbumId;
            batchCommand.Parameters.Add(albumIdParameter);
            var marketingBudgetParameter = batchCommand.CreateParameter();
            marketingBudgetParameter.ParameterName = "budget";
            marketingBudgetParameter.Value = budget.MarketingBudget;
            batchCommand.Parameters.Add(marketingBudgetParameter);
            batch.BatchCommands.Add(batchCommand);
        }
        var affected = await batch.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
        // The batch should update 2 rows.
        if (affected != 2)
        {
            await transaction.RollbackAsync();
            throw new InvalidOperationException($"Unexpected num affected: {affected}");
        }
    }
    // Commit the transaction.
    await transaction.CommitAsync();
    Console.WriteLine("Transferred marketing budget from Album 2 to Album 1");
}

PostgreSQL 

public static async Task WriteDataWithTransaction(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    // Transfer marketing budget from one album to another. We do it in a
    // transaction to ensure that the transfer is atomic.
    await using var transaction = await connection.BeginTransactionAsync();

    // The Spanner ADO.NET driver supports both positional and named
    // query parameters. This query uses named query parameters.
    const string selectSql =
        "SELECT marketing_budget " +
        "FROM albums " +
        "WHERE singer_id = $1 and album_id = $2";
    // Get the marketing_budget of singer 2 / album 2.
    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.CommandText = selectSql;
    command.Transaction = transaction;
    command.Parameters.AddWithValue("p1", 2);
    command.Parameters.AddWithValue("p2", 2);
    var budget2 = (long) (await command.ExecuteScalarAsync() ?? 0L);

    const long transfer = 20000L;
    // The transaction will only be committed if this condition still holds
    // at the time of commit. Otherwise, the transaction will be aborted.
    if (budget2 >= transfer)
    {
        // Get the marketing_budget of singer 1 / album 1.
        command.Parameters["p1"].Value = 1;
        command.Parameters["p2"].Value = 1;
        var budget1 = (long) (await command.ExecuteScalarAsync() ?? 0L);

        // Transfer part of the marketing budget of Album 2 to Album 1.
        budget1 += transfer;
        budget2 -= transfer;
        const string updateSql =
            "UPDATE albums " +
            "SET marketing_budget = $1 " +
            "WHERE singer_id = $2 and album_id = $3";
        // Create a DML batch and execute it as part of the current transaction.
        var batch = connection.CreateBatch();
        batch.Transaction = transaction;

        // Update the marketing budgets of both Album 1 and Album 2 in a batch.
        (long SingerId, long AlbumId, long MarketingBudget)[] budgets = [
            new (1L, 1L, budget1),
            new (2L, 2L, budget2),
        ];
        foreach (var budget in budgets)
        {
            var batchCommand = batch.CreateBatchCommand();
            batchCommand.CommandText = updateSql;
            var marketingBudgetParameter = batchCommand.CreateParameter();
            marketingBudgetParameter.ParameterName = "p1";
            marketingBudgetParameter.Value = budget.MarketingBudget;
            batchCommand.Parameters.Add(marketingBudgetParameter);
            var singerIdParameter = batchCommand.CreateParameter();
            singerIdParameter.ParameterName = "p2";
            singerIdParameter.Value = budget.SingerId;
            batchCommand.Parameters.Add(singerIdParameter);
            var albumIdParameter = batchCommand.CreateParameter();
            albumIdParameter.ParameterName = "p3";
            albumIdParameter.Value = budget.AlbumId;
            batchCommand.Parameters.Add(albumIdParameter);
            batch.BatchCommands.Add(batchCommand);
        }
        var affected = await batch.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
        // The batch should update 2 rows.
        if (affected != 2)
        {
            await transaction.RollbackAsync();
            throw new InvalidOperationException($"Unexpected num affected: {affected}");
        }
    }
    // Commit the transaction.
    await transaction.CommitAsync();
    Console.WriteLine("Transferred marketing budget from Album 2 to Album 1");
}

Ejecuta el ejemplo con el siguiente comando:

GoogleSQL 

dotnet run writewithtransactionusingdml projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

PostgreSQL 

dotnet run writewithtransactionusingdmlpg projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

Etiquetas de transacción y etiquetas de solicitud

Usa etiquetas de transacción y de solicitud para solucionar problemas relacionados con transacciones y consultas en Spanner. Puedes configurar etiquetas en objetos Transaction para enviar etiquetas de transacción y en objetos DbCommand para enviar etiquetas de solicitud a Spanner. Por ejemplo:

GoogleSQL 

public static async Task Tags(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    const long singerId = 1L;
    const long albumId = 1L;

    await using var transaction = await connection.BeginTransactionAsync();
    // Set a tag on the transaction before executing any statements.
    transaction.Tag = "example-tx-tag";

    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.Transaction = transaction;
    command.Tag = "query-marketing-budget";
    command.CommandText =
        "SELECT MarketingBudget " +
        "FROM Albums " +
        "WHERE SingerId=? and AlbumId=?";
    command.Parameters.Add(singerId);
    command.Parameters.Add(albumId);
    var budget = (long)(await command.ExecuteScalarAsync() ?? 0L);

    // Reduce the marketing budget by 10% if it is more than 1,000.
    if (budget > 1000)
    {
        budget -= budget / 10;
        await using var updateCommand = connection.CreateCommand();
        updateCommand.Transaction = transaction;
        updateCommand.Tag = "reduce-marketing-budget";
        updateCommand.CommandText =
            "UPDATE Albums SET MarketingBudget=@budget WHERE SingerId=@singerId AND AlbumId=@albumId";
        updateCommand.Parameters.AddWithValue("budget", budget);
        updateCommand.Parameters.AddWithValue("singerId", singerId);
        updateCommand.Parameters.AddWithValue("albumId", albumId);
        await updateCommand.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
    }
    // Commit the transaction.
    await transaction.CommitAsync();
    Console.WriteLine("Reduced marketing budget");
}

PostgreSQL 

public static async Task Tags(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    const long singerId = 1L;
    const long albumId = 1L;

    await using var transaction = await connection.BeginTransactionAsync();
    // Set a tag on the transaction before executing any statements.
    transaction.Tag = "example-tx-tag";

    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.Transaction = transaction;
    command.Tag = "query-marketing-budget";
    command.CommandText =
        "select marketing_budget " +
        "from albums " +
        "where singer_id=? and album_id=?";
    command.Parameters.Add(singerId);
    command.Parameters.Add(albumId);
    var budget = (long)(await command.ExecuteScalarAsync() ?? 0L);

    // Reduce the marketing budget by 10% if it is more than 1,000.
    if (budget > 1000)
    {
        budget -= budget / 10;
        await using var updateCommand = connection.CreateCommand();
        updateCommand.Transaction = transaction;
        updateCommand.Tag = "reduce-marketing-budget";
        updateCommand.CommandText =
            "update albums set marketing_budget=$1 where singer_id=$2 and album_id=$3";
        updateCommand.Parameters.Add(budget);
        updateCommand.Parameters.Add(singerId);
        updateCommand.Parameters.Add(albumId);
        await updateCommand.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
    }
    // Commit the transaction.
    await transaction.CommitAsync();
    Console.WriteLine("Reduced marketing budget");
}

Ejecuta el ejemplo con el siguiente comando:

GoogleSQL 

dotnet run tags projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

PostgreSQL 

dotnet run tagspg projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

Recupera datos mediante transacciones de solo lectura

Supongamos que quieres ejecutar más de una lectura en la misma marca de tiempo. En las transacciones de solo lectura, se observa un prefijo coherente del historial de confirmaciones de transacciones, por lo que la aplicación siempre obtiene datos coherentes. Llama a connection.BeginReadOnlyTransactionAsync() para ejecutar una transacción de solo lectura.

A continuación, se muestra cómo ejecutar una consulta y cómo realizar una lectura en la misma transacción de solo lectura:

GoogleSQL 

public static async Task ReadOnlyTransaction(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    // Start a read-only transaction on this connection.
    await using var transaction = await connection.BeginReadOnlyTransactionAsync();

    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.Transaction = transaction;
    command.CommandText = "SELECT SingerId, AlbumId, AlbumTitle " +
                          "FROM Albums " +
                          "ORDER BY SingerId, AlbumId";
    await using (var reader = await command.ExecuteReaderAsync())
    {
        while (await reader.ReadAsync())
        {
            Console.WriteLine(
                $"{reader["SingerId"]} {reader["AlbumId"]} {reader["AlbumTitle"]}");
        }
    }

    // Execute another query using the same read-only transaction.
    command.CommandText = "SELECT SingerId, AlbumId, AlbumTitle " +
                          "FROM Albums " +
                          "ORDER BY AlbumTitle";
    await using (var reader = await command.ExecuteReaderAsync())
    {
        while (await reader.ReadAsync())
        {
            Console.WriteLine(
                $"{reader["SingerId"]} {reader["AlbumId"]} {reader["AlbumTitle"]}");
        }
    }

    // End the read-only transaction by calling Commit.
    await transaction.CommitAsync();
}

PostgreSQL 

public static async Task ReadOnlyTransaction(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    // Start a read-only transaction on this connection.
    await using var transaction = await connection.BeginReadOnlyTransactionAsync();

    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.Transaction = transaction;
    command.CommandText = "SELECT SingerId, AlbumId, AlbumTitle " +
                          "FROM Albums " +
                          "ORDER BY SingerId, AlbumId";
    await using (var reader = await command.ExecuteReaderAsync())
    {
        while (await reader.ReadAsync())
        {
            Console.WriteLine(
                $"{reader["SingerId"]} {reader["AlbumId"]} {reader["AlbumTitle"]}");
        }
    }

    // Execute another query using the same read-only transaction.
    command.CommandText = "SELECT SingerId, AlbumId, AlbumTitle " +
                          "FROM Albums " +
                          "ORDER BY AlbumTitle";
    await using (var reader = await command.ExecuteReaderAsync())
    {
        while (await reader.ReadAsync())
        {
            Console.WriteLine(
                $"{reader["SingerId"]} {reader["AlbumId"]} {reader["AlbumTitle"]}");
        }
    }

    // End the read-only transaction by calling Commit.
    await transaction.CommitAsync();
}

Ejecuta el ejemplo con el siguiente comando:

GoogleSQL 

dotnet run readonlytransaction projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

PostgreSQL 

dotnet run readonlytransactionpg projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

El resultado muestra lo siguiente:

    1 1 Total Junk
    1 2 Go, Go, Go
    2 1 Green
    2 2 Forever Hold Your Peace
    2 3 Terrified
    2 2 Forever Hold Your Peace
    1 2 Go, Go, Go
    2 1 Green
    2 3 Terrified
    1 1 Total Junk

DML particionado

El lenguaje de manipulación de datos (DML) particionado está diseñado para los siguientes tipos de actualizaciones y eliminaciones masivas:

  • Recolección de elementos no usados y limpieza periódicos.
  • El restablecimiento de columnas nuevas con valores predeterminados.

GoogleSQL 

public static async Task PartitionedDml(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    // Enable Partitioned DML on this connection.
    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.CommandText = "SET AUTOCOMMIT_DML_MODE='PARTITIONED_NON_ATOMIC'";
    await command.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();

    // Back-fill a default value for the MarketingBudget column.
    command.CommandText = "UPDATE Albums SET MarketingBudget=0 WHERE MarketingBudget IS NULL";
    var affected = await command.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();

    // Partitioned DML returns the minimum number of records that were affected.
    Console.WriteLine($"Updated at least {affected} albums");

    // Reset the value for AUTOCOMMIT_DML_MODE to its default.
    command.CommandText = "RESET AUTOCOMMIT_DML_MODE";
    await command.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
}

PostgreSQL 

public static async Task PartitionedDml(string connectionString)
{
    await using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
    await connection.OpenAsync();

    // Enable Partitioned DML on this connection.
    await using var command = connection.CreateCommand();
    command.CommandText = "set autocommit_dml_mode='partitioned_non_atomic'";
    await command.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();

    // Back-fill a default value for the MarketingBudget column.
    command.CommandText = "update albums set marketing_budget=0 where marketing_budget is null";
    var affected = await command.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();

    // Partitioned DML returns the minimum number of records that were affected.
    Console.WriteLine($"Updated at least {affected} albums");

    // Reset the value for autocommit_dml_mode to its default.
    command.CommandText = "reset autocommit_dml_mode";
    await command.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
}

Ejecuta el ejemplo con el siguiente comando:

GoogleSQL 

dotnet run pdml projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

PostgreSQL 

dotnet run pdmlpg projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/test-instance/databases/example-db

Limpieza

Para evitar que se apliquen cargos adicionales a tu cuenta de Google Cloud por los recursos que se usaron en este instructivo, descarta la base de datos y borra la instancia que creaste.

Borra la base de datos

Si borras una instancia, se borrarán de forma automática todas las bases de datos que contiene. En este paso, se muestra cómo borrar una base de datos sin borrar una instancia (ten en cuenta que se seguirán generando cargos por la instancia).

En la línea de comandos

gcloud spanner databases delete example-db --instance=test-instance

Usa la consola de Google Cloud

  1. Ve a la página Instancias de Spanner en la consola de Google Cloud .

    Ir a la página Instancias

  2. Haz clic en la instancia.

  3. Haz clic en la base de datos que deseas borrar.

  4. En la página Detalles de la base de datos, haz clic en Borrar.

  5. Confirma que deseas borrar la base de datos y haz clic en Borrar.

Borra la instancia

Si borras una instancia, se descartarán de forma automática todas las bases de datos creadas en ella.

En la línea de comandos

gcloud spanner instances delete test-instance

Usa la consola de Google Cloud

  1. Ve a la página Instancias de Spanner en la consola de Google Cloud .

    Ir a la página Instancias

  2. Haz clic en tu instancia.

  3. Haz clic en Borrar.

  4. Confirma que deseas borrar la instancia y haz clic en Borrar.

¿Qué sigue?