Creazione e convalida delle firme digitali

Questo argomento fornisce informazioni sulla creazione e la convalida di firme digitali basate su chiavi asimmetriche.

Una firma digitale viene creata utilizzando la parte della chiave privata di una chiave asimmetrica. La firma viene convalidata utilizzando la parte della chiave pubblica della stessa chiave asimmetrica.

Prima di iniziare

• Quando crei firme digitali, devi utilizzare una chiave con lo scopo di chiave di ASYMMETRIC_SIGN. Quando crei la chiave, utilizza ASYMMETRIC_SIGN.

• Per convalidare una firma, devi conoscere l'algoritmo completo utilizzato durante la creazione della chiave. Per le istruzioni della riga di comando riportate di seguito che utilizzano il comando openssl, devi trasmettere queste informazioni a questi comandi.

• Concedi l'autorizzazione cloudkms.cryptoKeyVersions.useToSign sulla chiave asimmetrica all'utente o al servizio che eseguirà la firma. Puoi scoprire di più sulle autorizzazioni in Cloud Key Management Service in Autorizzazioni e ruoli.

• Se intendi convalidare una firma, concedi l'autorizzazione cloudkms.cryptoKeyVersions.viewPublicKey sulla chiave asimmetrica all'utente o al servizio che scaricherà la chiave pubblica da utilizzare per la convalida.

• Se intendi utilizzare la riga di comando, installa OpenSSL se non l'hai già fatto. Se utilizzi Cloud Shell, OpenSSL è già installato.

Dati e digest

L'input fornito per le richieste AsymmetricSign può essere trasmesso tramite il campo data o il campo digest. Questi campi non possono essere specificati contemporaneamente. Esistono alcuni algoritmi che richiedono il campo dati, come gli algoritmi non elaborati e la firma con una chiave Cloud External Key Manager.

Algoritmi non elaborati

Gli algoritmi "non elaborati", identificati dal prefisso RSA_SIGN_RAW_, sono una variante della firma PKCS #1 che omette la codifica in un DigestInfo. Nella variante:

• Viene calcolato un digest sul messaggio che verrà firmato.
• Il padding PKCS #1 viene applicato direttamente al digest.
• Viene calcolata una firma del digest con padding utilizzando la chiave privata RSA.

Per utilizzare questi algoritmi:

• I dati non elaborati devono essere forniti (anziché un digest) come parte del campo data.
• La lunghezza dei dati è limitata a 11 byte in meno rispetto alle dimensioni della chiave RSA. Ad esempio, PKCS #1 con una chiave RSA a 2048 bit può firmare al massimo 245 byte.
• Concedi il ruolo cloudkms.expertRawPKCS1 all'utente o al servizio appropriato. Puoi scoprire di più sulle autorizzazioni in Cloud Key Management Service in Autorizzazioni e ruoli.

Utilizzando gli algoritmi non elaborati, puoi anche firmare un tipo di digest per il quale non è disponibile un algoritmo predefinito. Ad esempio, puoi utilizzare una chiave RSA_SIGN_RAW_2048 per firmare una struttura SHA-512 PKCS #1 DigestInfo che hai già calcolato esternamente. Questo processo crea gli stessi risultati di un algoritmo RSA_SIGN_PKCS1_2048_SHA512 standard.

Supporto ECDSA per altri algoritmi hash

I nostri algoritmi di firma ECDSA hanno il formato generale:

EC_SIGN_ELLIPTIC_CURVE_[DIGEST_ALGORITHM]

DIGEST_ALGORITHM ha il valore SHA256, SHA384 o SHA512. Poiché l'hashing viene eseguito prima di creare la firma, questi algoritmi di firma possono essere utilizzati anche con digest diversi da SHA, come Keccak. Per utilizzare un digest Keccak, fornisci un valore hash Keccak e utilizza l'algoritmo di digest SHA con la stessa lunghezza. Ad esempio, puoi utilizzare un digest KECCAK256 in una richiesta con l'algoritmo EC_SIGN_P256_SHA256.

Creazione di una firma

gcloud

Per utilizzare Cloud KMS nella riga di comando, devi prima installare o eseguire l'upgrade all'ultima versione di Google Cloud CLI.

gcloud kms asymmetric-sign \
    --version key-version \
    --key key \
    --keyring key-ring \
    --location location \
    --digest-algorithm digest-algorithm \
    --input-file input-file \
    --signature-file signature-file

Sostituisci key-version con la versione della chiave da utilizzare per la firma. Sostituisci key con il nome della chiave. Sostituisci key-ring con il nome delle chiavi automatizzate in cui si trova la chiave. Sostituisci location con la località Cloud KMS delle chiavi automatizzate. Sostituisci digest-algorithm con l'algoritmo da utilizzare. Ometti digest-algorithm per inviare input-file a Cloud KMS per la firma. Sostituisci input-file e signature-file con i percorsi locali del file da firmare e del file della firma.

Per informazioni su tutti i flag e i valori possibili, esegui il comando con il flag --help.

C#

Per eseguire questo codice, devi innanzitutto configurare un ambiente di sviluppo C# e installare l'SDK C# di Cloud KMS.

using Google.Cloud.Kms.V1;
using Google.Protobuf;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Text;

public class SignAsymmetricSample
{
    public byte[] SignAsymmetric(
      string projectId = "my-project", string locationId = "us-east1", string keyRingId = "my-key-ring", string keyId = "my-key", string keyVersionId = "123",
      string message = "Sample message")
    {
        // Create the client.
        KeyManagementServiceClient client = KeyManagementServiceClient.Create();

        // Build the key version name.
        CryptoKeyVersionName keyVersionName = new CryptoKeyVersionName(projectId, locationId, keyRingId, keyId, keyVersionId);

        // Convert the message into bytes. Cryptographic plaintexts and
        // ciphertexts are always byte arrays.
        byte[] plaintext = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(message);

        // Calculate the digest.
        SHA256 sha256 = SHA256.Create();
        byte[] hash = sha256.ComputeHash(plaintext);

        // Build the digest.
        //
        // Note: Key algorithms will require a varying hash function. For
        // example, EC_SIGN_P384_SHA384 requires SHA-384.
        Digest digest = new Digest
        {
            Sha256 = ByteString.CopyFrom(hash),
        };

        // Call the API.
        AsymmetricSignResponse result = client.AsymmetricSign(keyVersionName, digest);

        // Get the signature.
        byte[] signature = result.Signature.ToByteArray();

        // Return the result.
        return signature;
    }
}

Go

Per eseguire questo codice, devi innanzitutto configurare un ambiente di sviluppo Go e installare l'SDK Go di Cloud KMS.

import (
	"context"
	"crypto/sha256"
	"fmt"
	"hash/crc32"
	"io"

	kms "cloud.google.com/go/kms/apiv1"
	"cloud.google.com/go/kms/apiv1/kmspb"
	"google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/wrapperspb"
)

// signAsymmetric will sign a plaintext message using a saved asymmetric private
// key stored in Cloud KMS.
func signAsymmetric(w io.Writer, name string, message string) error {
	// name := "projects/my-project/locations/us-east1/keyRings/my-key-ring/cryptoKeys/my-key/cryptoKeyVersions/123"
	// message := "my message"

	// Create the client.
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := kms.NewKeyManagementClient(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create kms client: %w", err)
	}
	defer client.Close()

	// Convert the message into bytes. Cryptographic plaintexts and
	// ciphertexts are always byte arrays.
	plaintext := []byte(message)

	// Calculate the digest of the message.
	digest := sha256.New()
	if _, err := digest.Write(plaintext); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create digest: %w", err)
	}

	// Optional but recommended: Compute digest's CRC32C.
	crc32c := func(data []byte) uint32 {
		t := crc32.MakeTable(crc32.Castagnoli)
		return crc32.Checksum(data, t)

	}
	digestCRC32C := crc32c(digest.Sum(nil))

	// Build the signing request.
	//
	// Note: Key algorithms will require a varying hash function. For example,
	// EC_SIGN_P384_SHA384 requires SHA-384.
	req := &kmspb.AsymmetricSignRequest{
		Name: name,
		Digest: &kmspb.Digest{
			Digest: &kmspb.Digest_Sha256{
				Sha256: digest.Sum(nil),
			},
		},
		DigestCrc32C: wrapperspb.Int64(int64(digestCRC32C)),
	}

	// Call the API.
	result, err := client.AsymmetricSign(ctx, req)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to sign digest: %w", err)
	}

	// Optional, but recommended: perform integrity verification on result.
	// For more details on ensuring E2E in-transit integrity to and from Cloud KMS visit:
	// https://cloud.google.com/kms/docs/data-integrity-guidelines
	if result.VerifiedDigestCrc32C == false {
		return fmt.Errorf("AsymmetricSign: request corrupted in-transit")
	}
	if result.Name != req.Name {
		return fmt.Errorf("AsymmetricSign: request corrupted in-transit")
	}
	if int64(crc32c(result.Signature)) != result.SignatureCrc32C.Value {
		return fmt.Errorf("AsymmetricSign: response corrupted in-transit")
	}

	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Signed digest: %s", result.Signature)
	return nil
}

Java

Per eseguire questo codice, devi innanzitutto configurare un ambiente di sviluppo Java e installare l'SDK Java di Cloud KMS.

import com.google.cloud.kms.v1.AsymmetricSignResponse;
import com.google.cloud.kms.v1.CryptoKeyVersionName;
import com.google.cloud.kms.v1.Digest;
import com.google.cloud.kms.v1.KeyManagementServiceClient;
import com.google.protobuf.ByteString;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.security.GeneralSecurityException;
import java.security.MessageDigest;

public class SignAsymmetric {

  public void signAsymmetric() throws IOException, GeneralSecurityException {
    // TODO(developer): Replace these variables before running the sample.
    String projectId = "your-project-id";
    String locationId = "us-east1";
    String keyRingId = "my-key-ring";
    String keyId = "my-key";
    String keyVersionId = "123";
    String message = "my message";
    signAsymmetric(projectId, locationId, keyRingId, keyId, keyVersionId, message);
  }

  // Get the public key associated with an asymmetric key.
  public void signAsymmetric(
      String projectId,
      String locationId,
      String keyRingId,
      String keyId,
      String keyVersionId,
      String message)
      throws IOException, GeneralSecurityException {
    // Initialize client that will be used to send requests. This client only
    // needs to be created once, and can be reused for multiple requests. After
    // completing all of your requests, call the "close" method on the client to
    // safely clean up any remaining background resources.
    try (KeyManagementServiceClient client = KeyManagementServiceClient.create()) {
      // Build the key version name from the project, location, key ring, key,
      // and key version.
      CryptoKeyVersionName keyVersionName =
          CryptoKeyVersionName.of(projectId, locationId, keyRingId, keyId, keyVersionId);

      // Convert the message into bytes. Cryptographic plaintexts and
      // ciphertexts are always byte arrays.
      byte[] plaintext = message.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);

      // Calculate the digest.
      MessageDigest sha256 = MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA-256");
      byte[] hash = sha256.digest(plaintext);

      // Build the digest object.
      Digest digest = Digest.newBuilder().setSha256(ByteString.copyFrom(hash)).build();

      // Sign the digest.
      AsymmetricSignResponse result = client.asymmetricSign(keyVersionName, digest);

      // Get the signature.
      byte[] signature = result.getSignature().toByteArray();

      System.out.printf("Signature %s%n", signature);
    }
  }
}

Node.js

Per eseguire questo codice, devi innanzitutto configurare un ambiente di sviluppo Node.js e installare l'SDK Node.js di Cloud KMS.

//
// TODO(developer): Uncomment these variables before running the sample.
//
// const projectId = 'your-project-id';
// const locationId = 'us-east1';
// const keyRingId = 'my-key-ring';
// const keyId = 'my-key';
// const versionId = '123';
// const message = Buffer.from('...');

// Imports the Cloud KMS library
const {KeyManagementServiceClient} = require('@google-cloud/kms');

// Instantiates a client
const client = new KeyManagementServiceClient();

// Build the version name
const versionName = client.cryptoKeyVersionPath(
  projectId,
  locationId,
  keyRingId,
  keyId,
  versionId
);

async function signAsymmetric() {
  // Create a digest of the message. The digest needs to match the digest
  // configured for the Cloud KMS key.
  const crypto = require('crypto');
  const hash = crypto.createHash('sha256');
  hash.update(message);
  const digest = hash.digest();

  // Optional but recommended: Compute digest's CRC32C.
  // Ensure fast-crc32c has been installed, `npm i fast-crc32c`.
  const crc32c = require('fast-crc32c');
  const digestCrc32c = crc32c.calculate(digest);

  // Sign the message with Cloud KMS
  const [signResponse] = await client.asymmetricSign({
    name: versionName,
    digest: {
      sha256: digest,
    },
    digestCrc32c: {
      value: digestCrc32c,
    },
  });

  // Optional, but recommended: perform integrity verification on signResponse.
  // For more details on ensuring E2E in-transit integrity to and from Cloud KMS visit:
  // https://cloud.google.com/kms/docs/data-integrity-guidelines
  if (signResponse.name !== versionName) {
    throw new Error('AsymmetricSign: request corrupted in-transit');
  }
  if (!signResponse.verifiedDigestCrc32c) {
    throw new Error('AsymmetricSign: request corrupted in-transit');
  }
  if (
    crc32c.calculate(signResponse.signature) !==
    Number(signResponse.signatureCrc32c.value)
  ) {
    throw new Error('AsymmetricSign: response corrupted in-transit');
  }

  // Example of how to display signature. Because the signature is in a binary
  // format, you need to encode the output before printing it to a console or
  // displaying it on a screen.
  const encoded = signResponse.signature.toString('base64');
  console.log(`Signature: ${encoded}`);

  return signResponse.signature;
}

return signAsymmetric();

PHP

Per eseguire questo codice, devi innanzitutto scoprire come utilizzare PHP e Google Cloud einstallare l'SDK PHP di Cloud KMS.

use Google\Cloud\Kms\V1\AsymmetricSignRequest;
use Google\Cloud\Kms\V1\Client\KeyManagementServiceClient;
use Google\Cloud\Kms\V1\Digest;

function sign_asymmetric(
    string $projectId = 'my-project',
    string $locationId = 'us-east1',
    string $keyRingId = 'my-key-ring',
    string $keyId = 'my-key',
    string $versionId = '123',
    string $message = '...'
) {
    // Create the Cloud KMS client.
    $client = new KeyManagementServiceClient();

    // Build the key version name.
    $keyVersionName = $client->cryptoKeyVersionName($projectId, $locationId, $keyRingId, $keyId, $versionId);

    // Calculate the hash.
    $hash = hash('sha256', $message, true);

    // Build the digest.
    //
    // Note: Key algorithms will require a varying hash function. For
    // example, EC_SIGN_P384_SHA384 requires SHA-384.
    $digest = (new Digest())
        ->setSha256($hash);

    // Call the API.
    $asymmetricSignRequest = (new AsymmetricSignRequest())
        ->setName($keyVersionName)
        ->setDigest($digest);
    $signResponse = $client->asymmetricSign($asymmetricSignRequest);
    printf('Signature: %s' . PHP_EOL, $signResponse->getSignature());

    return $signResponse;
}

Python

Per eseguire questo codice, devi innanzitutto configurare un ambiente di sviluppo Python e installare l'SDK Python di Cloud KMS.

# Import base64 for printing the ciphertext.
import base64

# Import hashlib for calculating hashes.
import hashlib

# Import the client library.
from google.cloud import kms


def sign_asymmetric(
    project_id: str,
    location_id: str,
    key_ring_id: str,
    key_id: str,
    version_id: str,
    message: str,
) -> kms.AsymmetricSignResponse:
    """
    Sign a message using the private key part of an asymmetric key.

    Args:
        project_id (string): Google Cloud project ID (e.g. 'my-project').
        location_id (string): Cloud KMS location (e.g. 'us-east1').
        key_ring_id (string): ID of the Cloud KMS key ring (e.g. 'my-key-ring').
        key_id (string): ID of the key to use (e.g. 'my-key').
        version_id (string): Version to use (e.g. '1').
        message (string): Message to sign.

    Returns:
        AsymmetricSignResponse: Signature.
    """

    # Create the client.
    client = kms.KeyManagementServiceClient()

    # Build the key version name.
    key_version_name = client.crypto_key_version_path(
        project_id, location_id, key_ring_id, key_id, version_id
    )

    # Convert the message to bytes.
    message_bytes = message.encode("utf-8")

    # Calculate the hash.
    hash_ = hashlib.sha256(message_bytes).digest()

    # Build the digest.
    #
    # Note: Key algorithms will require a varying hash function. For
    # example, EC_SIGN_P384_SHA384 requires SHA-384.
    digest = {"sha256": hash_}

    # Optional, but recommended: compute digest's CRC32C.
    # See crc32c() function defined below.
    digest_crc32c = crc32c(hash_)

    # Call the API
    sign_response = client.asymmetric_sign(
        request={
            "name": key_version_name,
            "digest": digest,
            "digest_crc32c": digest_crc32c,
        }
    )

    # Optional, but recommended: perform integrity verification on sign_response.
    # For more details on ensuring E2E in-transit integrity to and from Cloud KMS visit:
    # https://cloud.google.com/kms/docs/data-integrity-guidelines
    if not sign_response.verified_digest_crc32c:
        raise Exception("The request sent to the server was corrupted in-transit.")
    if not sign_response.name == key_version_name:
        raise Exception("The request sent to the server was corrupted in-transit.")
    if not sign_response.signature_crc32c == crc32c(sign_response.signature):
        raise Exception(
            "The response received from the server was corrupted in-transit."
        )
    # End integrity verification

    print(f"Signature: {base64.b64encode(sign_response.signature)!r}")
    return sign_response


def crc32c(data: bytes) -> int:
    """
    Calculates the CRC32C checksum of the provided data.
    Args:
        data: the bytes over which the checksum should be calculated.
    Returns:
        An int representing the CRC32C checksum of the provided bytes.
    """
    import crcmod  # type: ignore

    crc32c_fun = crcmod.predefined.mkPredefinedCrcFun("crc-32c")
    return crc32c_fun(data)

Ruby

Per eseguire questo codice, devi innanzitutto configurare un ambiente di sviluppo Ruby e installare l'SDK Ruby di Cloud KMS.

# TODO(developer): uncomment these values before running the sample.
# project_id  = "my-project"
# location_id = "us-east1"
# key_ring_id = "my-key-ring"
# key_id      = "my-key"
# version_id  = "123"
# message     = "my message"

# Require the library.
require "google/cloud/kms"

# Require digest.
require "digest"

# Create the client.
client = Google::Cloud::Kms.key_management_service

# Build the key version name.
key_version_name = client.crypto_key_version_path project:            project_id,
                                                  location:           location_id,
                                                  key_ring:           key_ring_id,
                                                  crypto_key:         key_id,
                                                  crypto_key_version: version_id

# Calculate the hash.
#
# Note: Key algorithms will require a varying hash function. For
# example, EC_SIGN_P384_SHA384 requires SHA-384.
digest = { sha256: Digest::SHA256.digest(message) }

# Call the API.
sign_response = client.asymmetric_sign name: key_version_name, digest: digest
puts "Signature: #{Base64.strict_encode64 sign_response.signature}"

API

Questi esempi utilizzano curl come client HTTP per dimostrare l'utilizzo dell'API. Per ulteriori informazioni sul controllo dell'accesso, consulta Accesso all'API Cloud KMS.

Utilizza il CryptoKeyVersions.asymmetricSign metodo per eseguire la firma. La risposta di questo metodo contiene la firma con codifica base64.

Suggerimento: puoi codificare o decodificare i dati in base64 utilizzando il comando base64 su Linux o macOS oppure il Base64.exe comando su Windows. I linguaggi di programmazione e di scripting in genere includono librerie per la codifica base64. Per esempi di riga di comando, consulta Codifica Base64 nella documentazione dell'API Cloud Vision.

Convalida di una firma a curva ellittica

gcloud

Per utilizzare Cloud KMS nella riga di comando, devi prima installare o eseguire l'upgrade all'ultima versione di Google Cloud CLI.

Scarica la chiave pubblica

gcloud kms keys versions get-public-key key-version \
    --key key \
    --keyring key-ring \
    --location location \
    --output-file output-file

Sostituisci key-version con la versione della chiave. Sostituisci key con il nome della chiave. Sostituisci key-ring con il nome delle chiavi automatizzate in cui si trova la chiave. Sostituisci location con la località Cloud KMS delle chiavi automatizzate. Sostituisci output-file con il percorso del file in cui salvare la chiave pubblica sul sistema locale.

Per informazioni su tutti i flag e i valori possibili, esegui il comando con il flag --help.

Verifica la firma

I comandi OpenSSL per convalidare la firma dipendono dal tipo di firma creato. Ad esempio, per convalidare una firma a curva ellittica SHA-256 utilizzando OpenSSL, devi specificare -sha256. Per convalidare una firma a curva ellittica SHA-384, devi specificare -sha384.

openssl dgst \
    -sha256 \
    -verify public-key-file \
    -signature signature-file \
    message-file

Sostituisci le variabili con i tuoi valori:

• public-key-file. Percorso di un file contenente la chiave pubblica (ad es. "./my-key.pub").

• signature-file. Percorso di un file contenente la firma da verificare (ad es. "./my-data.sig").

• message-file. Percorso di un file contenente il messaggio (ad es. "./my-data.txt").

Se la firma è valida, il comando restituisce la stringa Verified OK.

Per informazioni su tutti i flag e i valori possibili, esegui il comando con il sottocomando help.

C#

Per eseguire questo codice, devi innanzitutto configurare un ambiente di sviluppo C# e installare l'SDK C# di Cloud KMS.

public class VerifyAsymmetricSignatureEcSample
{
    // Cloud KMS returns signatures in a DER-encoded format. .NET requires
    // signatures to be in IEEE 1363 format, and converting between these formats
    // is a few hundred lines of code.
    //
    // https://github.com/dotnet/runtime/pull/1612 exposes these helpers, but will
    // not be available until .NET 5. Until then, you will need to use an external
    // library or package to validate signatures.
}

Go

Per eseguire questo codice, devi innanzitutto configurare un ambiente di sviluppo Go e installare l'SDK Go di Cloud KMS.

import (
	"context"
	"crypto/ecdsa"
	"crypto/sha256"
	"crypto/x509"
	"encoding/asn1"
	"encoding/pem"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"math/big"

	kms "cloud.google.com/go/kms/apiv1"
	"cloud.google.com/go/kms/apiv1/kmspb"
)

// verifyAsymmetricSignatureEC will verify that an 'EC_SIGN_P256_SHA256' signature is
// valid for a given message.
func verifyAsymmetricSignatureEC(w io.Writer, name string, message, signature []byte) error {
	// name := "projects/my-project/locations/us-east1/keyRings/my-key-ring/cryptoKeys/my-key/cryptoKeyVersions/123"
	// message := "my message"
	// signature := []byte("...")  // Response from a sign request

	// Create the client.
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := kms.NewKeyManagementClient(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create kms client: %w", err)
	}
	defer client.Close()

	// Retrieve the public key from KMS.
	response, err := client.GetPublicKey(ctx, &kmspb.GetPublicKeyRequest{Name: name})
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get public key: %w", err)
	}

	// Parse the public key. Note, this example assumes the public key is in the
	// ECDSA format.
	block, _ := pem.Decode([]byte(response.Pem))
	publicKey, err := x509.ParsePKIXPublicKey(block.Bytes)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to parse public key: %w", err)
	}
	ecKey, ok := publicKey.(*ecdsa.PublicKey)
	if !ok {
		return fmt.Errorf("public key is not elliptic curve")
	}

	// Verify Elliptic Curve signature.
	var parsedSig struct{ R, S *big.Int }
	if _, err = asn1.Unmarshal(signature, &parsedSig); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("asn1.Unmarshal: %w", err)
	}

	digest := sha256.Sum256(message)
	if !ecdsa.Verify(ecKey, digest[:], parsedSig.R, parsedSig.S) {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to verify signature")
	}
	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Verified signature!")
	return nil
}

Java

Per eseguire questo codice, devi innanzitutto configurare un ambiente di sviluppo Java e installare l'SDK Java di Cloud KMS.

import com.google.cloud.kms.v1.CryptoKeyVersionName;
import com.google.cloud.kms.v1.KeyManagementServiceClient;
import com.google.cloud.kms.v1.PublicKey;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.StringReader;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.security.GeneralSecurityException;
import java.security.KeyFactory;
import java.security.Signature;
import java.security.spec.X509EncodedKeySpec;
import java.util.Base64;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

public class VerifyAsymmetricEc {

  public void verifyAsymmetricEc() throws IOException, GeneralSecurityException {
    // TODO(developer): Replace these variables before running the sample.
    String projectId = "your-project-id";
    String locationId = "us-east1";
    String keyRingId = "my-key-ring";
    String keyId = "my-key";
    String keyVersionId = "123";
    String message = "my message";
    byte[] signature = null;
    verifyAsymmetricEc(projectId, locationId, keyRingId, keyId, keyVersionId, message, signature);
  }

  // CPD-OFF
  // Verify the signature of a message signed with an RSA key.
  public void verifyAsymmetricEc(
      String projectId,
      String locationId,
      String keyRingId,
      String keyId,
      String keyVersionId,
      String message,
      byte[] signature)
      throws IOException, GeneralSecurityException {
    // Initialize client that will be used to send requests. This client only
    // needs to be created once, and can be reused for multiple requests. After
    // completing all of your requests, call the "close" method on the client to
    // safely clean up any remaining background resources.
    try (KeyManagementServiceClient client = KeyManagementServiceClient.create()) {
      // Build the name from the project, location, and key ring, key, and key version.
      CryptoKeyVersionName keyVersionName =
          CryptoKeyVersionName.of(projectId, locationId, keyRingId, keyId, keyVersionId);

      // Convert the message into bytes. Cryptographic plaintexts and
      // ciphertexts are always byte arrays.
      byte[] plaintext = message.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);

      // Get the public key.
      PublicKey publicKey = client.getPublicKey(keyVersionName);

      // Convert the public PEM key to a DER key (see helper below).
      byte[] derKey = convertPemToDer(publicKey.getPem());
      X509EncodedKeySpec keySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(derKey);
      java.security.PublicKey ecKey = KeyFactory.getInstance("EC").generatePublic(keySpec);

      // Verify the 'RSA_SIGN_PKCS1_2048_SHA256' signature.
      // For other key algorithms:
      // http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/guides/security/StandardNames.html#Signature
      Signature ecVerify = Signature.getInstance("SHA256withECDSA");
      ecVerify.initVerify(ecKey);
      ecVerify.update(plaintext);

      // Verify the signature.
      boolean verified = ecVerify.verify(signature);
      System.out.printf("Signature verified: %s", verified);
    }
  }

  // Converts a base64-encoded PEM certificate like the one returned from Cloud
  // KMS into a DER formatted certificate for use with the Java APIs.
  private byte[] convertPemToDer(String pem) {
    BufferedReader bufferedReader = new BufferedReader(new StringReader(pem));
    String encoded =
        bufferedReader
            .lines()
            .filter(line -> !line.startsWith("-----BEGIN") && !line.startsWith("-----END"))
            .collect(Collectors.joining());
    return Base64.getDecoder().decode(encoded);
  }
}

Node.js

Per eseguire questo codice, devi innanzitutto configurare un ambiente di sviluppo Node.js e installare l'SDK Node.js di Cloud KMS.

//
// TODO(developer): Uncomment these variables before running the sample.
//
// const projectId = 'your-project-id';
// const locationId = 'us-east1';
// const keyRingId = 'my-key-ring';
// const keyId = 'my-key';
// const versionId = '1';
// const message = 'my message to verify';
// const signatureBuffer = Buffer.from('...');

// Imports the Cloud KMS library
const {KeyManagementServiceClient} = require('@google-cloud/kms');

// Instantiates a client
const client = new KeyManagementServiceClient();

// Build the key name
const versionName = client.cryptoKeyVersionPath(
  projectId,
  locationId,
  keyRingId,
  keyId,
  versionId
);

async function verifyAsymmetricSignatureEc() {
  // Get public key
  const [publicKey] = await client.getPublicKey({
    name: versionName,
  });

  // Create the verifier. The algorithm must match the algorithm of the key.
  const crypto = require('crypto');
  const verify = crypto.createVerify('sha256');
  verify.update(message);
  verify.end();

  // Build the key object
  const key = {
    key: publicKey.pem,
  };

  // Verify the signature using the public key
  const verified = verify.verify(key, signatureBuffer);
  return verified;
}

return verifyAsymmetricSignatureEc();

PHP

Per eseguire questo codice, devi innanzitutto scoprire come utilizzare PHP e Google Cloud einstallare l'SDK PHP di Cloud KMS.

use Google\Cloud\Kms\V1\Client\KeyManagementServiceClient;
use Google\Cloud\Kms\V1\GetPublicKeyRequest;

function verify_asymmetric_ec(
    string $projectId = 'my-project',
    string $locationId = 'us-east1',
    string $keyRingId = 'my-key-ring',
    string $keyId = 'my-key',
    string $versionId = '123',
    string $message = '...',
    string $signature = '...'
): bool {
    // Create the Cloud KMS client.
    $client = new KeyManagementServiceClient();

    // Build the key version name.
    $keyVersionName = $client->cryptoKeyVersionName($projectId, $locationId, $keyRingId, $keyId, $versionId);

    // Get the public key.
    $getPublicKeyRequest = (new GetPublicKeyRequest())
        ->setName($keyVersionName);
    $publicKey = $client->getPublicKey($getPublicKeyRequest);

    // Verify the signature. The hash algorithm must correspond to the key
    // algorithm. The openssl_verify command returns 1 on success, 0 on falure.
    $verified = openssl_verify($message, $signature, $publicKey->getPem(), OPENSSL_ALGO_SHA256) === 1;
    printf('Signature verified: %s', $verified);

    return $verified;
}

Python

Per eseguire questo codice, devi innanzitutto configurare un ambiente di sviluppo Python e installare l'SDK Python di Cloud KMS.

# Import hashlib.
import hashlib

# Import cryptographic helpers from the cryptography package.
from cryptography.exceptions import InvalidSignature
from cryptography.hazmat.backends import default_backend
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import serialization
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import ec
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import utils

# Import the client library.
from google.cloud import kms


def verify_asymmetric_ec(
    project_id: str,
    location_id: str,
    key_ring_id: str,
    key_id: str,
    version_id: str,
    message: str,
    signature: str,
) -> bool:
    """
    Verify the signature of an message signed with an asymmetric EC key.

    Args:
        project_id (string): Google Cloud project ID (e.g. 'my-project').
        location_id (string): Cloud KMS location (e.g. 'us-east1').
        key_ring_id (string): ID of the Cloud KMS key ring (e.g. 'my-key-ring').
        key_id (string): ID of the key to use (e.g. 'my-key').
        version_id (string): ID of the version to use (e.g. '1').
        message (string): Original message (e.g. 'my message')
        signature (bytes): Signature from a sign request.

    Returns:
        bool: True if verified, False otherwise

    """

    # Convert the message to bytes.
    message_bytes = message.encode("utf-8")

    # Create the client.
    client = kms.KeyManagementServiceClient()

    # Build the key version name.
    key_version_name = client.crypto_key_version_path(
        project_id, location_id, key_ring_id, key_id, version_id
    )

    # Get the public key.
    public_key = client.get_public_key(request={"name": key_version_name})

    # Extract and parse the public key as a PEM-encoded EC key.
    pem = public_key.pem.encode("utf-8")
    ec_key = serialization.load_pem_public_key(pem, default_backend())
    hash_ = hashlib.sha256(message_bytes).digest()

    # Attempt to verify.
    try:
        sha256 = hashes.SHA256()
        ec_key.verify(signature, hash_, ec.ECDSA(utils.Prehashed(sha256)))
        print("Signature verified")
        return True
    except InvalidSignature:
        print("Signature failed to verify")
        return False

Ruby

Per eseguire questo codice, devi innanzitutto configurare un ambiente di sviluppo Ruby e installare l'SDK Ruby di Cloud KMS.

# TODO(developer): uncomment these values before running the sample.
# project_id  = "my-project"
# location_id = "us-east1"
# key_ring_id = "my-key-ring"
# key_id      = "my-key"
# version_id  = "123"
# message     = "my message"
# signature   = "..."

# Require the library.
require "google/cloud/kms"
require "openssl"

# Create the client.
client = Google::Cloud::Kms.key_management_service

# Build the key version name.
key_version_name = client.crypto_key_version_path project:            project_id,
                                                  location:           location_id,
                                                  key_ring:           key_ring_id,
                                                  crypto_key:         key_id,
                                                  crypto_key_version: version_id

# Get the public key.
public_key = client.get_public_key name: key_version_name

# Parse the public key.
ec_key = OpenSSL::PKey::EC.new public_key.pem

# Verify the signature.
verified = ec_key.verify "sha256", signature, message
puts "Verified: #{verified}"

API

Questi esempi utilizzano curl come client HTTP per dimostrare l'utilizzo dell'API. Per ulteriori informazioni sul controllo dell'accesso, consulta Accesso all'API Cloud KMS.

Utilizza il CryptoKeyVersions.getPublicKey per recuperare la chiave pubblica, quindi utilizza i comandi mostrati per l'esempio della riga di comando per convalidare la firma.

Convalida di una firma RSA

gcloud

Per utilizzare Cloud KMS nella riga di comando, devi prima installare o eseguire l'upgrade all'ultima versione di Google Cloud CLI.

Scarica la chiave pubblica

gcloud kms keys versions get-public-key key-version \
    --key key \
    --keyring key-ring \
    --location location \
    --output-file output-file

Sostituisci key-version con la versione della chiave. Sostituisci key con il nome della chiave. Sostituisci key-ring con il nome delle chiavi automatizzate in cui si trova la chiave. Sostituisci location con la località Cloud KMS delle chiavi automatizzate. Sostituisci output-file con il percorso in cui salvare la chiave pubblica sul sistema locale.

Per informazioni su tutti i flag e i valori possibili, esegui il comando con il flag --help.

Verifica la firma

I comandi OpenSSL per convalidare la firma dipendono dal tipo di firma creato. Ad esempio, per convalidare una firma RSA SHA-256 con padding PSS, devi specificare -sha256 e -sigopt rsa_padding_mode:pss. Per convalidare una firma RSA SHA-512 con padding PSS, devi specificare -sha512 e -sigopt rsa_padding_mode:pss.

openssl dgst \
    -sha256 \
    -sigopt rsa_padding_mode:pss \
    -sigopt rsa_pss_saltlen:-1 \
    -verify public-key-file \
    -signature signature-file \
    message-file

Sostituisci le variabili con i tuoi valori:

• public-key-file. Percorso di un file contenente la chiave pubblica (ad es. "./my-key.pub").

• signature-file. Percorso di un file contenente la firma da verificare (ad es. "./my-data.sig").

• message-file. Percorso di un file contenente il messaggio (ad es. "./my-data.txt").

Se la firma è valida, il comando restituisce la stringa Verified OK.

Per informazioni su tutti i flag e i valori possibili, esegui il comando con il sottocomando help.

C#

Per eseguire questo codice, devi innanzitutto configurare un ambiente di sviluppo C# e installare l'SDK C# di Cloud KMS.

using Google.Cloud.Kms.V1;
using System;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Text;

public class VerifyAsymmetricSignatureRsaSample
{
    public bool VerifyAsymmetricSignatureRsa(
      string projectId = "my-project", string locationId = "us-east1", string keyRingId = "my-key-ring", string keyId = "my-key", string keyVersionId = "123",
      string message = "my message",
      byte[] signature = null)
    {
        // Build the key version name.
        CryptoKeyVersionName keyVersionName = new CryptoKeyVersionName(projectId, locationId, keyRingId, keyId, keyVersionId);

        // Calculate the digest of the message.
        SHA256 sha256 = SHA256.Create();
        byte[] digest = sha256.ComputeHash(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(message));

        // Get the public key.
        KeyManagementServiceClient client = KeyManagementServiceClient.Create();
        PublicKey publicKey = client.GetPublicKey(keyVersionName);

        // Split the key into blocks and base64-decode the PEM parts.
        string[] blocks = publicKey.Pem.Split("-", StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);
        byte[] pem = Convert.FromBase64String(blocks[1]);

        // Create a new RSA key.
        RSA rsa = RSA.Create();
        rsa.ImportSubjectPublicKeyInfo(pem, out _);

        // Verify the signature.
        bool verified = rsa.VerifyHash(digest, signature, HashAlgorithmName.SHA256, RSASignaturePadding.Pss);

        // Return the result.
        return verified;
    }
}

Go

Per eseguire questo codice, devi innanzitutto configurare un ambiente di sviluppo Go e installare l'SDK Go di Cloud KMS.

import (
	"context"
	"crypto"
	"crypto/rsa"
	"crypto/sha256"
	"crypto/x509"
	"encoding/pem"
	"fmt"
	"io"

	kms "cloud.google.com/go/kms/apiv1"
	"cloud.google.com/go/kms/apiv1/kmspb"
)

// verifyAsymmetricSignatureRSA will verify that an 'RSA_SIGN_PSS_2048_SHA256' signature
// is valid for a given message.
func verifyAsymmetricSignatureRSA(w io.Writer, name string, message, signature []byte) error {
	// name := "projects/my-project/locations/us-east1/keyRings/my-key-ring/cryptoKeys/my-key/cryptoKeyVersions/123"
	// message := "my message"
	// signature := []byte("...")  // Response from a sign request

	// Create the client.
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := kms.NewKeyManagementClient(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create kms client: %w", err)
	}
	defer client.Close()

	// Retrieve the public key from KMS.
	response, err := client.GetPublicKey(ctx, &kmspb.GetPublicKeyRequest{Name: name})
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get public key: %w", err)
	}

	// Parse the public key. Note, this example assumes the public key is in the
	// RSA format.
	block, _ := pem.Decode([]byte(response.Pem))
	publicKey, err := x509.ParsePKIXPublicKey(block.Bytes)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to parse public key: %w", err)
	}
	rsaKey, ok := publicKey.(*rsa.PublicKey)
	if !ok {
		return fmt.Errorf("public key is not rsa")
	}

	// Verify the RSA signature.
	digest := sha256.Sum256(message)
	if err := rsa.VerifyPSS(rsaKey, crypto.SHA256, digest[:], signature, &rsa.PSSOptions{
		SaltLength: len(digest),
		Hash:       crypto.SHA256,
	}); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to verify signature: %w", err)
	}

	fmt.Fprint(w, "Verified signature!\n")
	return nil
}

Java

Per eseguire questo codice, devi innanzitutto configurare un ambiente di sviluppo Java e installare l'SDK Java di Cloud KMS.

import com.google.cloud.kms.v1.CryptoKeyVersionName;
import com.google.cloud.kms.v1.KeyManagementServiceClient;
import com.google.cloud.kms.v1.PublicKey;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.StringReader;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.security.GeneralSecurityException;
import java.security.KeyFactory;
import java.security.Signature;
import java.security.spec.X509EncodedKeySpec;
import java.util.Base64;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

public class VerifyAsymmetricRsa {

  public void verifyAsymmetricRsa() throws IOException, GeneralSecurityException {
    // TODO(developer): Replace these variables before running the sample.
    String projectId = "your-project-id";
    String locationId = "us-east1";
    String keyRingId = "my-key-ring";
    String keyId = "my-key";
    String keyVersionId = "123";
    String message = "my message";
    byte[] signature = null;
    verifyAsymmetricRsa(projectId, locationId, keyRingId, keyId, keyVersionId, message, signature);
  }

  // Verify the signature of a message signed with an RSA key.
  public void verifyAsymmetricRsa(
      String projectId,
      String locationId,
      String keyRingId,
      String keyId,
      String keyVersionId,
      String message,
      byte[] signature)
      throws IOException, GeneralSecurityException {
    // Initialize client that will be used to send requests. This client only
    // needs to be created once, and can be reused for multiple requests. After
    // completing all of your requests, call the "close" method on the client to
    // safely clean up any remaining background resources.
    try (KeyManagementServiceClient client = KeyManagementServiceClient.create()) {
      // Build the name from the project, location, and key ring, key, and key version.
      CryptoKeyVersionName keyVersionName =
          CryptoKeyVersionName.of(projectId, locationId, keyRingId, keyId, keyVersionId);

      // Convert the message into bytes. Cryptographic plaintexts and
      // ciphertexts are always byte arrays.
      byte[] plaintext = message.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);

      // Get the public key.
      PublicKey publicKey = client.getPublicKey(keyVersionName);

      // Convert the public PEM key to a DER key (see helper below).
      byte[] derKey = convertPemToDer(publicKey.getPem());
      X509EncodedKeySpec keySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(derKey);
      java.security.PublicKey rsaKey = KeyFactory.getInstance("RSA").generatePublic(keySpec);

      // Verify the 'RSA_SIGN_PKCS1_2048_SHA256' signature.
      // For other key algorithms:
      // http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/guides/security/StandardNames.html#Signature
      Signature rsaVerify = Signature.getInstance("SHA256withRSA");
      rsaVerify.initVerify(rsaKey);
      rsaVerify.update(plaintext);

      // Verify the signature.
      boolean verified = rsaVerify.verify(signature);
      System.out.printf("Signature verified: %s", verified);
    }
  }

  // Converts a base64-encoded PEM certificate like the one returned from Cloud
  // KMS into a DER formatted certificate for use with the Java APIs.
  private byte[] convertPemToDer(String pem) {
    BufferedReader bufferedReader = new BufferedReader(new StringReader(pem));
    String encoded =
        bufferedReader
            .lines()
            .filter(line -> !line.startsWith("-----BEGIN") && !line.startsWith("-----END"))
            .collect(Collectors.joining());
    return Base64.getDecoder().decode(encoded);
  }
}

Node.js

Per eseguire questo codice, devi innanzitutto configurare un ambiente di sviluppo Node.js e installare l'SDK Node.js di Cloud KMS.

//
// TODO(developer): Uncomment these variables before running the sample.
//
// const projectId = 'your-project-id';
// const locationId = 'us-east1';
// const keyRingId = 'my-key-ring';
// const keyId = 'my-key';
// const versionId = '1';
// const message = 'my message to verify';
// const signatureBuffer = Buffer.from('...');

// Imports the Cloud KMS library
const {KeyManagementServiceClient} = require('@google-cloud/kms');

// Instantiates a client
const client = new KeyManagementServiceClient();

// Build the key name
const versionName = client.cryptoKeyVersionPath(
  projectId,
  locationId,
  keyRingId,
  keyId,
  versionId
);

async function verifyAsymmetricSignatureRsa() {
  // Get public key
  const [publicKey] = await client.getPublicKey({
    name: versionName,
  });

  // Create the verifier. The algorithm must match the algorithm of the key.
  const crypto = require('crypto');
  const verify = crypto.createVerify('sha256');
  verify.update(message);
  verify.end();

  // Build the key object
  const key = {
    key: publicKey.pem,
    padding: crypto.constants.RSA_PKCS1_PSS_PADDING,
  };

  // Verify the signature using the public key
  const verified = verify.verify(key, signatureBuffer);
  return verified;
}

return verifyAsymmetricSignatureRsa();

PHP

Per eseguire questo codice, devi innanzitutto scoprire come utilizzare PHP e Google Cloud einstallare l'SDK PHP di Cloud KMS.

function verify_asymmetric_rsa(
    string $projectId = 'my-project',
    string $locationId = 'us-east1',
    string $keyRingId = 'my-key-ring',
    string $keyId = 'my-key',
    string $versionId = '123',
    string $message = '...',
    string $signature = '...'
): void {
    // PHP has limited support for asymmetric encryption operations.
    // Specifically, openssl_public_encrypt() does not allow customizing
    // algorithms or padding. Thus, it is not currently possible to use PHP
    // core for asymmetric operations on RSA keys.
    //
    // Third party libraries like phpseclib may provide the required
    // functionality. Google does not endorse this external library.
}

Python

Per eseguire questo codice, devi innanzitutto configurare un ambiente di sviluppo Python e installare l'SDK Python di Cloud KMS.

# Import hashlib.
import hashlib

# Import cryptographic helpers from the cryptography package.
from cryptography.exceptions import InvalidSignature
from cryptography.hazmat.backends import default_backend
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import serialization
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import padding
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import utils

# Import the client library.
from google.cloud import kms


def verify_asymmetric_rsa(
    project_id: str,
    location_id: str,
    key_ring_id: str,
    key_id: str,
    version_id: str,
    message: str,
    signature: str,
) -> bool:
    """
    Verify the signature of an message signed with an asymmetric RSA key.

    Args:
        project_id (string): Google Cloud project ID (e.g. 'my-project').
        location_id (string): Cloud KMS location (e.g. 'us-east1').
        key_ring_id (string): ID of the Cloud KMS key ring (e.g. 'my-key-ring').
        key_id (string): ID of the key to use (e.g. 'my-key').
        version_id (string): ID of the version to use (e.g. '1').
        message (string): Original message (e.g. 'my message')
        signature (bytes): Signature from a sign request.

    Returns:
        bool: True if verified, False otherwise

    """

    # Convert the message to bytes.
    message_bytes = message.encode("utf-8")

    # Create the client.
    client = kms.KeyManagementServiceClient()

    # Build the key version name.
    key_version_name = client.crypto_key_version_path(
        project_id, location_id, key_ring_id, key_id, version_id
    )

    # Get the public key.
    public_key = client.get_public_key(request={"name": key_version_name})

    # Extract and parse the public key as a PEM-encoded RSA key.
    pem = public_key.pem.encode("utf-8")
    rsa_key = serialization.load_pem_public_key(pem, default_backend())
    hash_ = hashlib.sha256(message_bytes).digest()

    # Attempt to verify.
    try:
        sha256 = hashes.SHA256()
        pad = padding.PKCS1v15()
        rsa_key.verify(signature, hash_, pad, utils.Prehashed(sha256))
        print("Signature verified")
        return True
    except InvalidSignature:
        print("Signature failed to verify")
        return False

Ruby

Per eseguire questo codice, devi innanzitutto configurare un ambiente di sviluppo Ruby e installare l'SDK Ruby di Cloud KMS.

# TODO(developer): uncomment these values before running the sample.
# project_id  = "my-project"
# location_id = "us-east1"
# key_ring_id = "my-key-ring"
# key_id      = "my-key"
# version_id  = "123"
# message     = "my message"
# signature   = "..."

# Require the library.
require "google/cloud/kms"
require "openssl"

# Create the client.
client = Google::Cloud::Kms.key_management_service

# Build the key version name.
key_version_name = client.crypto_key_version_path project:            project_id,
                                                  location:           location_id,
                                                  key_ring:           key_ring_id,
                                                  crypto_key:         key_id,
                                                  crypto_key_version: version_id

# Get the public key.
public_key = client.get_public_key name: key_version_name

# Parse the public key.
rsa_key = OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new public_key.pem

# Verify the signature.
#
# Note: The verify_pss() method only exists in Ruby 2.5+.
verified = rsa_key.verify_pss "sha256", signature, message, salt_length: :digest, mgf1_hash: "sha256"
puts "Verified: #{verified}"

API

Questi esempi utilizzano curl come client HTTP per dimostrare l'utilizzo dell'API. Per ulteriori informazioni sul controllo dell'accesso, consulta Accesso all'API Cloud KMS.

Utilizza il CryptoKeyVersions.getPublicKey metodo per recuperare la chiave pubblica, quindi utilizza i comandi mostrati per l' esempio della riga di comando per convalidare la firma.