This page discusses hash-based message authentication code (HMAC) keys, which you can use to authenticate requests to the [Cloud Storage XML API](https://docs.cloud.google.com/storage/docs/xml-api/overview.md.txt). HMAC keys are useful when you want to move data between other cloud storage providers and Cloud Storage, because HMAC keys allow you to [reuse your existing code](https://docs.cloud.google.com/storage/docs/aws-simple-migration.md.txt) to access Cloud Storage. For steps to create and manage HMAC keys, see [Manage HMAC keys for service accounts](https://docs.cloud.google.com/storage/docs/authentication/managing-hmackeys.md.txt). ## Overview An HMAC key is a type of *credential* associated with an account, typically a service account. You use an HMAC key to create [*signatures*](https://docs.cloud.google.com/storage/docs/authentication/signatures.md.txt) using the HMAC-SHA256 [*signing algorithm*](https://docs.cloud.google.com/storage/docs/authentication/signatures.md.txt#signing-process). The signatures you create are then included in requests to the Cloud Storage XML API. Signatures show that a given request is authorized by the account associated with the HMAC key. > [!NOTE] > **Note:** HMAC keys are separate from the normal service account keys used by Google Cloud, which are RSA keys. HMAC keys cannot be used to generate OAuth 2.0 tokens; however, RSA keys can be used to generate both OAuth 2.0 tokens and Cloud Storage XML API signatures. HMAC keys have two primary pieces, an *access ID* and a *secret*. - **Access ID**: An alphanumeric string linked to a specific account. - When linked to a service account, the string is 61 characters in length. - When linked to a user account, the string is 24 characters in length. The following shows an example of an access ID: `GOOGTS7C7FUP3AIRVJTE2BCDKINBTES3HC2GY5CBFJDCQ2SYHV6A6XXVTJFSA` - **Secret**: A 40-character Base-64 encoded string that is linked to a specific access ID. A secret is a pre-shared key that only you and Cloud Storage know. You use your secret to create signatures as part of the authentication process. The following shows an example of a secret: `bGoa+V7g/yqDXvKRqq+JTFn4uQZbPiQJo4pf9RzJ` Both the access ID and secret uniquely identify an HMAC key, but the secret is much more sensitive information, because it's used to create signatures. You can optionally enable the [`restrictAuthTypes` constraint](https://docs.cloud.google.com/storage/docs/org-policy-constraints.md.txt#restrict-auth-types) on a resource, which restricts access for requests signed by HMAC keys. > [!CAUTION] > **Caution:** When you delete an account, any HMAC keys associated with the account are also deleted. To protect against outages, [disable an account](https://docs.cloud.google.com/iam/docs/service-accounts-disable-enable.md.txt#disabling) and confirm that your traffic is unaffected prior to deleting the account. ### Storing secrets When you [create an HMAC key for a service account](https://docs.cloud.google.com/storage/docs/authentication/managing-hmackeys.md.txt#create), you are given the secret for the key once. You must securely store the secret, along with the associated *access ID*. If you lose the secret, it cannot be retrieved by you or Google Cloud, and you must create a new HMAC key for the service account to continue authenticating requests. To create an HMAC key for a user account, you must be logged into the Google Cloud console with the user account and go to the **Interoperability** tab in the Cloud Storage **Settings** menu of a project for which you have the `resourcemanager.projects.get` IAM permission. Once created, you can view the key's secret from the **Interoperability** tab of any project for which you have the `resourcemanager.projects.get` permission. #### Best practices for storing secrets - Do not share your HMAC key secret. You should treat HMAC key secrets as you would any set of access credentials. - As a security best practice, you should regularly change your keys as part of a key rotation. - If you think someone else is using your HMAC keys, you should immediately delete the affected HMAC keys and create new ones. - When changing HMAC keys, you should update your code with the new HMAC keys before you delete the old keys. When you delete HMAC keys, they become immediately invalid, and they are not recoverable. ### Restrictions - HMAC keys can only be used to make requests to the XML API, not the JSON API. - You can have a maximum of 10 HMAC keys per service account. Deleted keys do not count towards this limit. - After creation, it can take up to 60 seconds for a service account HMAC key to become useable. After [deleting](https://docs.cloud.google.com/iam/docs/service-accounts-delete-undelete.md.txt) a service account, the HMAC keys that belong to it might continue to work for up to 5 minutes. Conversely, it can take up to 5 minutes for HMAC keys to become usable again after [undeleting](https://docs.cloud.google.com/iam/docs/service-accounts-delete-undelete.md.txt) the service account that owns them. - If you enable the `restrictAuthTypes` constraint on a resource, you can no longer create or activate HMAC keys for the specified account type in that resource. ## Migration from user account HMAC keys Generally, associating HMAC keys with service accounts are a better option than doing so with user accounts, particularly for production workloads: - Service accounts allow for better administrative oversight, and they eliminate the security and privacy implications of accounts held by individual users. - Service accounts reduce the risk of service outages associated with relying on user accounts, such as when a user account is disabled because the user leaves the project or company. If you currently use HMAC keys with user accounts but want to migrate to service accounts, keep the following in mind: - Your project must [have a service account](https://docs.cloud.google.com/iam/docs/creating-managing-service-accounts#creating_a_service_account) and [have an HMAC key](https://docs.cloud.google.com/storage/docs/authentication/managing-hmackeys.md.txt#create) associated with it. - The service account must be granted the [required permissions](https://docs.cloud.google.com/storage/docs/access-control/iam-permissions.md.txt) to perform actions in Cloud Storage. Broad permission to work with objects is contained in the `Storage Object Admin` role, but you may want to have separate service accounts for performing different actions. For example, you may want one service account for reading, which would have the `Storage Object Viewer` role and a second service account for writing, which would have the `Storage Object Creator` role. - You should test to make certain the service account behaves as expected before pushing any update out to production. - After your production work transitions to service account HMAC keys, you should check the following [Cloud Monitoring metric](https://docs.cloud.google.com/monitoring/api/metrics_gcp_p_z.md.txt#gcp-storage) to verify that the HMAC keys associated with the user account are no longer in use: | Metric | Description | |---|---| | `storage.googleapis.com/authn/authentication_count` | The number of times HMAC keys have been used to authenticate requests. | You can set the following labels to track user account keys that are still in use during the migration progress: - `access_id`: identifies which access ID made the request. You can also use `access_id` during a key rotation to watch traffic move from one key to another. - `authentication_method`: identifies if keys are user account or service account keys. - Once you've verified the user account HMAC keys are no longer used, you should delete those HMAC keys. Doing so reduces the risk of inappropriate data access. - If the user account is no longer used to access Cloud Storage resources, revoke any access to Cloud Storage that it has. - You can optionally [enable the `restrictAuthTypes` constraint](https://docs.cloud.google.com/resource-manager/docs/organization-policy/creating-managing-policies#creating_and_editing_policies) on user account HMAC keys for an extra layer of security. ## What's next - [Create HMAC keys for your service accounts](https://docs.cloud.google.com/storage/docs/authentication/managing-hmackeys.md.txt#create). - [Use an HMAC key in an authenticated request](https://docs.cloud.google.com/storage/docs/aws-simple-migration.md.txt#authentication).