- About
  - [What is Cloud SQL?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#whatissql)
  - [What are the benefits of using Cloud SQL?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#benefits)
  - [Which database versions are available with Cloud SQL?
    How are updates managed?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq#version)
  - [Does Cloud SQL support all database features?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#supportmysqlfeatures)
  - [Are there any size or QPS limits?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#sizeqps)
  - [How can I be notified when there are any changes to Cloud SQL?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#notifiedofchanges)
  - [How do I report a bug, request a feature, or ask a question?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#requestfeature)
- Getting Started
  - [What is the best MySQL tool to use for managing my instance?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#tools)
  - [What storage engine do I use?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#innodb)
  - [Why does my new instance with no data show disk space used?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#empty)
- Data Storage, Replication, and Authentication
  - [Where is my data stored?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#data_location)
  - [Should I use solid-state drives (SSD) or
    hard disk drives (HDD) for storage?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/mysql/choosing-ssd-hdd)
  - [What is a zone?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#what_is_a_zone)
  - [What are the limits on storage?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#storage_limits)
  - [How is my data replicated?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#replication)
  - [How does Cloud SQL failover work?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#failover)
  - [Is my data encrypted?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#encryption)
  - [How is encryption managed for data at rest?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#encryption-manage-rest)
  - [How is encryption managed for data in transit?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#encryption-manage-transit)
  - [What kind of read replicas can I create?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#rr_kinds)
  - [How can I tell if an instance is a read replica?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#rr_listing)
  - [Does Cloud SQL provide load balancing for requests to read replicas?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#rr_lb)
  - [Does Cloud SQL for SQL Server integrate with Managed Service for
    Microsoft Active Directory?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq#ad)
- Backup and Recovery
  - [How do I recover an instance?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#backups_how)
  - [How much do backups cost?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#backups_cost)
  - [Can I access automated backups older than seven days?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#backups_access)
  - [When do I use external versus cross-region replication for
    region failure protection?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq#crr-dr)
- Managing Your Instances
  - [Which actions cause Cloud SQL instances to restart?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#restart)
  - [How long are instances shut down during restart?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#shutdown)
  - [Can I make my database larger or smaller?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#changetiers)
  - [Can I upgrade and downgrade vCPUs?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#vcpus)
  - [Do I need to use the Google Cloud console to manage Cloud SQL?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#apisconsole)
  - [How can I reclaim the space from a dropped table?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#reclaimingspace)
  - [How can I reclaim the space used by temporary files?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#reclaimingspacetemp)
  - [Can I import or export a specific database?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#importexportdatabases)
  - [Can I import or export a CSV file?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#importexportcsvfile)
  - [Do I need a Cloud Storage account to import or export data from an instance?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#googlestorage)
  - [What does `ERROR_RDBMS` mean on an import operation?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#importerrorrdbms)
  - [If I delete my instance, can I reuse the instance name?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#reuse)
  - [What is the cloudsqladmin database user?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#adminuser)
  - [How can I use `GRANT ALL`?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#grantall)
  - [How can I access transaction logs for my instances?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#transactionlogs)
  - [What level of transaction isolation does Cloud SQL
    provide?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq#transaction-isolation)
  - [How can I protect my instance from accidental deletion?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#instance-protection)
- Insights
  - [Why can't I find the sample query plan in Insights?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#insights-query-plan)
- Pricing and Billing
  - [How can I try out Cloud SQL?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#can_I_try)
  - [How many instances can I create in a project?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#number_instances)
  - [What size database instance do I need? How much RAM?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#what_size_database)
  - [How is use of my instance calculated?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#how_usage_calculated)
  - [How is storage calculated?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#how_storage_calculated)
  - [How can I see how much I will be charged?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#how_much)
  - [What happens when my instance reaches the allowed size?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#reaches_max_size)
  - [Why is my instance suspended?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#why_suspended)
  - [Why was my instance deleted?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#why_deleted)
  - [How can I cancel my Cloud SQL account?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#cancelsqlaccount)
  - [How do I disable billing?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#disable_billing)
- Using Cloud SQL with App Engine
  - [Can I connect from App Engine to a MySQL instance?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#gaeconnect)
  - [Can I connect from App Engine to a PostgreSQL instance?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#gaeconnect-pg)
  - [Can I connect from App Engine to a SQL Server
    instance?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq#gaeconnect-sqlserver)
  - [Can my App Engine application in the US access my Cloud SQL
    instance in the EU (and the other way around)?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq#location)
  - [Which Google Cloud database service is right for me?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#choice)
  - [Do I need to install a local database server to use the App Engine Development Server?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#installmysql)
  - [What languages can I use to access my instance?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#languages)
  - [Can I use Django with Cloud SQL?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#django)
  - [Which placeholders can I use in my Python query string?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#formatcode)
  - [How do I manage connections?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#connections)
  - [What does a SQLException with message of "Invalid connection ID" mean?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#invalidconnectioniderror)
  - [Can I access my Cloud SQL instance programmatically outside of App Engine?](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#externaldev)

## About

What is Cloud SQL?
:   Cloud SQL is a service that delivers fully managed SQL databases in the cloud.
    Cloud SQL provides PostgreSQL, SQL Server, and MySQL databases.

What are the benefits of using Cloud SQL?
:   Cloud SQL lets you hand
    off to Google the mundane, but necessary and often time consuming tasks --- like applying patches and
    updates, managing backups and configuring replications --- so you can put your focus on building great
    applications. And because we use standard wire protocols, you can connect from just about any
    application, anywhere.

Which database versions are available with Cloud SQL? How are updates managed?
:

:   Cloud SQL for MySQL supports MySQL 8.4 (default), 8.0, 5.7, and 5.6.

    Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL supports PostgreSQL 9.6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
    and 18 (default).

    Cloud SQL for SQL Server supports these editions of SQL Server: SQL Server 2017
    Standard, SQL Server 2017 Enterprise, SQL Server 2017 Express, SQL Server 2017 Web,
    SQL Server 2019 Standard, SQL Server 2019 Enterprise, SQL Server 2019 Express,
    SQL Server 2019 Web, SQL Server 2022 Standard (default), SQL Server 2022 Enterprise,
    SQL Server 2022 Express, and SQL Server 2022 Web.

    Minor version updates are deployed as part of scheduled maintenance, with no further action
    required on your part. For more information about updates, see
    [Overview of maintenance on Cloud SQL instances](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/mysql/maintenance.md.txt).

    To see the current version of your instance, go to the
    [Google Cloud console](https://console.cloud.google.com/), click the instance name to open the
    **Instance details** page. Or, you can use the `gcloud sql instances describe`
    command.

Does Cloud SQL support all database features?
:
    Cloud SQL supports most common features of MySQL, PostgreSQL, and SQL Server.
    For a list of the differences between
    standard database functionality and what Cloud SQL provides, see, for example,
    [Differences between Cloud SQL and
    standard MySQL functionality](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/features#differences). Also see
    [Differences between Cloud SQL and
    standard PostgreSQL functionality](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/features#differences-pg). Additionally, see
    [SQL Server features unavailable for Cloud SQL](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/sqlserver/features.md.txt#sqlserver-unavailable).

Are there any size or QPS limits?
:   There are no queries per second (QPS) limits for Cloud SQL instances. For information about
    connection, size, and App Engine-specific limits, see
    [Quotas and Limits](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/quotas.md.txt).

How can I be notified when there are any changes to Cloud SQL?
:   You can subscribe to the
    [RSS feed](https://docs.cloud.google.com/static/feeds/cloud-sql-mysql-release-notes.xml) for the
    [MySQL Release Notes](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/mysql/release-notes.md.txt) page.

How do I report a bug, request a feature, or ask a question?

:   You can ask questions in a Google Cloud Developer Program Community forum. For more
    information, see the following discussion forums for Cloud SQL:

    - [Cloud SQL for MySQL discussions](https://discuss.google.dev/tag/cloud-sql-for-mysql)
    - [Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL discussions](https://discuss.google.dev/tag/cloud-sql-for-postgres)
    - [Cloud SQL for SQL Server discussions](https://discuss.google.dev/tag/cloud-sql-for-sql-server)

    To view general Google Cloud status, you can visit the
    [Google Cloud Status Tracker](https://status.cloud.google.com).

    If you have a reproducible Cloud SQL bug or want to request a new feature, please visit our
    [issue tracker](https://docs.cloud.google.com/support/docs/issue-trackers.md.txt).
[Back to top](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/faq.md.txt#top)

## Getting Started

What is the best MySQL tool to use for managing my instance?
:   There are a variety of MySQL tools available for Cloud SQL. For executing individual
    statements, you can use the [MySQL Command-Line Tool](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.4/en/mysql.html). For executing more complicated tasks or to use a richer
    database development environment, you can try
    [Toad for MySQL](https://blog.toadworld.com/tag/mysql) or [MySQL Workbench](http://www.mysql.com/products/workbench/). For more information, see [Admin and Reporting Tools](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/mysql/admin-tools.md.txt).

What storage engine do I use?

:   For MySQL instances, InnoDB is the only storage engine supported. If you have a `mysqldump` file where all your tables are in MyISAM format, you can
    convert them to InnoDB format by piping the file through a sed script:

    ```bash
    mysqldump --databases [DATABASE_NAME] \
    -h [INSTANCE_IP] -u [USERNAME] -p [PASSWORD] \
    --hex-blob --default-character-set=utf8mb4 | sed 's/ENGINE=MyISAM/ENGINE=InnoDB/g' > [DATABASE_FILE].sql
    ```

    **Warning:** Don't do this if your `mysqldump` file
    contains the `mysql` schema. Those files must remain in MyISAM.

Why does my new instance with no data show disk space used?
:   Cloud SQL and the database both use some space for system files and metadata when
    your instance is created.