This document guides you in choosing between Pub/Sub and Google Cloud Managed Service for Apache Kafka. Both Pub/Sub and Managed Service for Apache Kafka are horizontally scalable, managed messaging services capable of handling high-volume workloads. This document is intended for developers, architects, or decision-makers who are seeking a managed service for handling streaming data and messaging workloads. Several options for running Apache Kafka exists, including partner services and self-managed open source software. This document does not cover those options. For an overview of Pub/Sub concepts, see [Overview of the Pub/Sub service](https://docs.cloud.google.com/pubsub/docs/pubsub-basics). For an overview of Managed Service for Apache Kafka concepts, see [Managed Service for Apache Kafka overview](https://docs.cloud.google.com/managed-service-for-apache-kafka/docs/overview). ## Operational ease versus portability The choice between Pub/Sub and Managed Service for Apache Kafka is a tradeoff between **operational simplicity** and **portability**. ### Operational simplicity of Pub/Sub Pub/Sub is a wholly managed, serverless, and globally distributed service that uses Google Cloud infrastructure. It automatically scales to handle your workload, so you don't need to worry about managing infrastructure. Pub/Sub dynamically adjusts capacity for individual topics and subscriptions. Publishers and subscribers can scale independently, not only across different topics and subscriptions, but also within the same ones. Pub/Sub also seamlessly moves data across multiple regions. This means publishers and subscribers can connect to their nearest region, and the service handles the rest. Managed Service for Apache Kafka can also handle large volumes of data. However, you must manage the cluster size and configure several other properties based on the scaling needs of your topics. Most importantly, you must consider the number of partitions to assign to your topics. Too many partitions can waste resources. Too few partitions can overload the brokers in your Kafka cluster. You must also consider the number of replicas that you have to configure per partition depending on your latency and consumer fan-out requirements. As a Kafka deployment is tied to a specified region, if you move data across regions, that data movement must happen outside of the service. Ensuring the continued health of the data movement and meeting the needs of the topics in your Kafka cluster adds to your operational work. ### Portability of Managed Service for Apache Kafka While Pub/Sub's autoscaling and global data distribution make it easier to operate, Apache Kafka APIs are much more broadly adopted. If you plan to use independent messaging systems in different on-premises or cloud-provider environments, Managed Service for Apache Kafka can give you a more consistent experience across your applications. This is because you can standardize on Kafka and use the same API to communicate with the Kafka service in each environment. While you can certainly use Pub/Sub as a central messaging system across all your environments, it's important to remember that it is a distinct service with its own API. If you need to interact with a messaging system for a specific environment, using Managed Service for Apache Kafka might offer a more unified development experience. ## Which service is right for you If consistent experience across diverse environments is paramount, choose Managed Service for Apache Kafka. If your focus is on minimal configuration for scaling workloads or inter-region data movement, Pub/Sub offers a compelling advantage. Choose Pub/Sub if the following factors describe your requirements: - You prioritize operational simplicity within Google Cloud. - You need a scalable and serverless solution with minimal overhead management. - You have unpredictable or changing workload sizes. Pub/Sub also works great when the workload throughput is stable. - You require per-message processing tracking to minimize pipeline effects due to single bad messages. Pub/Sub, with its built-in dead-letter queues (DLQs) and support for out-of-order message processing, lets your system remain operational even when encountering problematic messages. - You need inter-region data aggregation. - You need independent publisher and subscriber scaling. Choose Managed Service for Apache Kafka if the following factors describe your requirements: - Portability across multiple cloud providers or on-premises environments is critical. - You have existing Kafka workloads that you want to migrate to Google Cloud. For more information, see [Choose based on the existing Kafka setup](https://docs.cloud.google.com/pubsub/docs/choose-pubsub-kafka#choose-based-on-kafka). - You have consistent traffic volume without much variation. - You are willing to handle capacity management. - You require message ordering at high throughput per key. - You want to use the event sourcing pattern with an event log as a source of truth. ### Choose based on the existing Kafka setup If you're already using Kafka and seek a managed, secure, and reliable solution on Google Cloud, Managed Service for Apache Kafka is the recommended choice. If you're already running Kafka and willing to rewrite your applications to get the benefits of a highly scalable, autoscaling, global service, Pub/Sub is a good recommendation. To migrate from Kafka to Pub/Sub, see [Migrate from Kafka to Pub/Sub](https://docs.cloud.google.com/pubsub/docs/migrating-from-kafka-to-pubsub). For new workloads or users new to streaming on Google Cloud, Pub/Sub is recommended due to its ease of use. If you want to move your existing Kafka workloads to the Cloud with minimal code changes, Managed Service for Apache Kafka is the ideal choice. ## Integration with Cloud products Both Google Managed Service for Apache Kafka and Pub/Sub integrates with various Google Cloud services like Dataflow, BigQuery, Cloud Storage, and more. If you need a multi-cloud strategy and prioritize portability across different cloud providers, Managed Service for Apache Kafka offers greater flexibility. This is because Kafka integrates with a wider range of systems outside of Google Cloud as compared to Pub/Sub. ## Feature comparison If these high level decision criteria in the previous sections don't help, you can make a choice based on specific feature support. For a detailed comparison between the two products, see the following table. | Feature | Pub/Sub | Managed Service for Apache Kafka | |---|---|---| | Ease of use | Easier to set up and maintain | Requires more operational effort | | Cost model | Pay-for-use | Pay-for-capacity for compute Pay-for-use for networking and storage. | | Exactly once processing | Supports single simultaneous delivery and strong acknowledgement semantics. | Supports exactly-once side effects when reading from one topic and writing to another. | | Scaling | Seamless auto scaling from KBs to GBs per second per topic that even works for unpredictable workloads. | Requires manual configuration | | Ordered delivery | Offers ordering within keys. 1 MBps throughput per fine-grained ordering key | Offers ordering within partitions. Per-partition ordering up to throughput capacity of a partition. | | Data retention | 31 days | Indefinite retention | | End-to-end latency | End-to-end latency typically on the order of 100 milliseconds | Typically on the order of 10 milliseconds for well-behaved subscribers. | | Open source Kafka compatibility for lift and shift | No | Yes | | Identity and Access Management and security | Yes | Yes | | Automatic network configuration | Yes | Yes | | Multi-cloud: identical across clouds | No | Yes | | Uptime SLA | [Yes](https://cloud.google.com/pubsub/sla) | Yes | | Data plane SLA | [Yes](https://cloud.google.com/pubsub/sla) | Not at this time | | Logging and monitoring | Yes | Yes | | Partition rebalancing across brokers | Not applicable | Yes | | Automatic capacity | Pub/Sub dynamically adjusts capacity based on the incoming message rate and subscriber demand. | The service manages the underlying infrastructure such as VMs and storage. You control aspects like the number of partitions, and replication factor. | | Automatic storage management | Yes | Yes | | Automatic software upgrades | Yes | Yes | | Customer support | Yes | Yes | | Kafka Connect Service | Not applicable | With user-provided Connect services | | Schema support | Yes | With user-provided schema registry | | Compatible with ks qIDB, KSQL | No | Yes | | Support for OSS connectors | Yes for Kafka and Flink connectors | No | | Integration with Data Lake and Data Warehouse | Yes | Yes |